1. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 1 Proposed ITU/WRC Spectrum And Usage Allocation For Terahertz Frequencies Date: 2007-08-29 Authors:

2. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 2 Abstract With out much fanfare the ITU/WRC organization have proposed and allocated broad spans of the most usable Terahertz spectrum for exclusive scientific/satellite and amateur radio usage, and surprisingly to the apparent exclusion of commercial radio market opportunities! How will loss of this currently unlicensed spectrum effect near future development of small-cell GigE wireless networks ?

3. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 3 Microwave Radiation Is Focused by a Lens On Steel Wool, Heats It to Burning Temperature My thanks to Don Schultz, The Boeing Company Demonstrations of microwaves refractive “optical” properties Malcom W. P. Strandberg Professor of Physics, Emeritus MIT Published in Life Magazine November 1945 Plastic Lens 9.6GHz 3.3cm wavelength microwave horn, 100 watts average power, 1 µs pulse 1000Hz Proof of the common physics

4. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 4 Terahertz Link Budget – Work In Process Transmitter UnitsChannels Transmission BandGHz 275-300355-400490-510690 -710800-850900-950 Wavelength (mm)MM1.09 – 0.9990.900- 0.7490.611-0.5870.434-0.4220.374-0.3520.333-0.315 Power (transmitted)Watts 10mW* Antenna GaindB Gain ampdB Pointing LossdB Atmospheric Path loss (Clear)dB/Km111111 Rain Loss (25mm/hr)dB/Km1312119.5 Rain Loss (150mm/hr)dB/Km50 45403937 Fog LossdB/Km234555.2 Molecular LossdB/km610 50 75 Receiver Antenna gaindB Coupling LossesdB Receiver sensitivitydBW Receiver NFdB Note; Suggested near term realistic power output for room temperature transmitter, Ref. Trevor Bird CSIRO 2 Antenna diameter assumed to be symmetrical and 10mm for all channels

5. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 5 Astronomy Orbital and ground based study of cold interstellar molecular clouds of singly ionized nitrogen and carbon monoxide -contributing to early galactic formation Remote Sensing Atmospheric sensing of pollutants and composition Medical Imaging Penetrates non polar materials, skin and soft tissue may be a safe X-Ray replacement Materials Analysis THz frequencies interact aggressively with polar molecules (water), most molecules have vibration and rotational emission and absorption spectral Security Terahertz detectors can now detect passive emissions from human bodies and objects hidden within clothing Terahertz scanners can penetrate sealed packages Return spectra can identify material composition (spectral fingerprint) Indoor and Outdoor Wireless LANs (10-100+ Gbps) Radio tags Intelligent home device interface Personal Space Broadband Networks Terahertz & Extreme Gigahertz frequencies can propagate like radio, but be brought to a focus like light. ESA -Herschel Spacecraft Terahertz Imaging 100 Gigahertz

6. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 6 Companies are beginning to produce THz transceivers It took many years for cost effective spectrum and power efficient Cell - phone transceivers to catch on and become the vast market they are today. My thanks to Phair Corporation for the use of their published material

7. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 7 100 THz 3 µm 10 THz 30 µm 1 THz 0.30 mm 100 GHz 3 mm 10 GHz 30 mm 0.1 100.0 1000 1.0 10.0 ATTENUATION dB/Km DRIZZL 0.25mm/Hr Heavy Rain 25mm/Hr Deluge 150mm/Hr FOG (0.1gm 3 Visibility 50m 20” 1Atm H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O CO 2 O2O2 O2O2 H2OH2O 1000 THz 0.3 µm Visible Millimeter Sub-Millimeter Infrared 0.01 O3O3 Avoiding Deep Molecular Absorption Bands FCC 300GHz Radio Boundary Spectrum of interest to ITU/WRC/IARU 275 -1000GHz

8. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 8 Water Vapor (6g/m³) and Oxygen Molecular and atmospheric Attenuation Plot Source; Interim Meeting Of The IARU Region 1 VHF/Uhf/Microwave Committee Vienna February 24 -25.2.2007

9. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 9 “The following are the bands preferred for the IARU Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services, they are within the “better bands” identified and are free of other radio-frequency interference and bands that are of the greatest importance to radio astronomy service. Primary allocations within these bands appears feasible, and the bands from 510 GHz and below are the most ideal for the amateur services, based on atmospheric attenuation, and where the bulk of the allocations within these bands is preferred.” Better bandsAttenuation (GHz)(dB/km) 275 - 3006 355 - 40010 490 - 51010 690 - 71050 800 - 85050 Preferred bands for the amateur services (GHz) Available bandwidth (GHz) 280 - 29414 358 - 3635 365 - 3716 389 - 40011 493 - 4963 506 - 5104 692 - 71018 810 - 85040 Source; Interim Meeting Of The IARU Region 1 VHF/Uhf/Microwave Committee Vienna February 24 -25.2.2007

10. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 10 Shared spectrum proposal between IARU, Radio Astronomy and passive Earth Exploration & Space Research Services IARU and German Amateur Radio Allocations overlaid Spectral Data from ALMA Atacama Large Millimeter Array Source; Interim Meeting Of The IARU Region 1 VHF/Uhf/Microwave Committee Vienna February 24 -25.2.2007 German Amateur radio Allocations 444 – 453 GHz 510 – 546 GHz 711 – 730 GHz 909 – 926 GHz 945 – 951 GHz Frequencies above 956 GHz FCC Boundary Unlicensed

11. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 11 The colored bands are the tunable receivers that will be used on ALMA:- Source; Interim Meeting Of The IARU Region 1 VHF/Uhf/Microwave Committee Vienna February 24 -25.2.2007 ALMA Atacama Large Millimeter Array Science Frequencies FCC Boundary Unlicensed

12. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 12 WRC-2000 extended the mandate of the ITU Radio Regulations from 275 - 400 GHz and then to 275 - 1000 GHz but did not make any specific allocations to “radio-communication services”. The WRC-2000 conference revised a footnote listing bands above 275 GHz used by passive services that should be avoided by “active” radio-communication services. Amateur Services will require allocations of sufficient bandwidth to permit experimentation spaced throughout the range 275 - 1000 GHz. Studies of Amateur Services' requirements in this range should be completed in preparation for WRC-10. The radio astronomy service has indicated a desire to share spectrum with the Amateur Services in this range. The Amateur Services seek to obtain not less than 75 GHz of spectrum in the band 275 - 1000 GHz in order to provide for future development of the Amateur Services utilizing new technologies. The ITU (2007) has begun studies of frequency bands above 3000 GHz (3 THz), considered the beginning of the optical spectrum. ITU/WRC/ IARU Terahertz 2000-2010 Focus ITU – International Telecommunications Union WRC – World Radiocommunications Conference 2000 -2010 IARU – International Amateur Radio Union Region 1: Europe, Africa, Middle East and Northern Asia

13. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 13 How will loss of this currently unlicensed spectrum effect near future commercial development of small-cell GigE+ wireless networks? The recognition by the ITU of value and utility of the terahertz spectrum is both innovative and proactive! The give away to the IARU of this precious spectrum is unexpected, capricious and irreconcilable with the evolution of future broadband wireless networks BUT Terahertz Market potential? R&D for non-available international spectrum? Transceiver development/Vendor engagement? ITU policy ignores spectrum sharing advantages of small-cell THz networks

14. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 14 Source; Interim Meeting Of The IARU Region 1 VHF/Uhf/Microwave Committee Vienna February 24 -25.2.2007 Conclusions Move to define and dominate Terahertz spectrum is already well underway – outside of the USA. The best Terahertz spectrum is being carved up among science, satellite and amateur radio interests. Commercial interests in Terahertz spectrum utilization appear to be actively and intentionally excluded by ITU/WRC decision policies. Does the 802/802.11 VHT community need to pay attention, actively engage and or push back via FCC on these proposed exclusive ITU spectrum allocations? What will happen if we don’t?

15. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 15 Thank you

16. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2359r0 Submission September 2007 David Britz AT&T LabsSlide 16 Link Performance Link Performance BERBER1e-6* Up/Down link margindB Spreading BandwidthGHz Frequency SpanGHz254520 50 Processing GaindB RangeMeters Interference