1. 15.1 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Chapter 15 Required Returns and the Cost of Capital

2. 15.2 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. 1. Explain how a firm creates value and identify the key sources of value creation. 2. Define the overall “cost of capital” of the firm. 3. Calculate the costs of the individual components of a firm’s cost of capital - cost of debt, cost of preferred stock, and cost of equity. 4. Explain and use alternative models to determine the cost of equity, including the dividend discount approach, the capital-asset pricing model (CAPM) approach, and the before-tax cost of debt plus risk premium approach. 5. Calculate the firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and understand its rationale, use, and limitations. 6. Explain how the concept of economic Value added (EVA) is related to value creation and the firm’s cost of capital. 7. Understand the capital-asset pricing model's role in computing project- specific and group-specific required rates of return. After Studying Chapter 15, you should be able to:

3. 15.3 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Overall Cost of Capital of the Firm Project-Specific Required Rates Group-Specific Required Rates Total Risk Evaluation Required Returns and the Cost of Capital

4. 15.4 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  The cost of capital (COC) is the rate of return the firm must earn to maintain its market value and attract investors  projects with return > COC will improve the firm’s value  projects with return < COC will harm the firm’s value

5. 15.5 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing. The overall cost of capital is a weighted average of the individual required rates of return (costs). By weighting the cost of each source of financing by its target proportion in the firm’s capital structure, the firm can obtain a weighted average cost that reflects the interrelationship of financing decisions. The formula for doing this is k a =w i k i + w p k p + w s k s This is explained later. Overall Cost of Capital of the Firm

6. 15.6 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital COC is estimated  on an after-tax basis  at a point in time  based on expected future values  holding business and financial risk fixed

7. 15.7 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  Target capital structure is the optimal mix of debt and equity financing for the firm  most firms seek to maintain a desired mix of debt and equity funding  each new chunk of capital should fit with the overall mix

8. 15.8 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  A firm is currently faced with an investment opportunity. Assume the following:  Because it can earn 7% on the investment of funds costing only 6%, the firm undertakes the opportunity.

9. 15.9 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  Imagine that one week later a new investment opportunity is available  In this instance, the firm rejects the opportunity, because the 14% financing cost is greater than the 12% expected return.  Is this action in the best interests of its owners?

10. 15.10 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  No—it accepted a project yielding a 7% return and rejected one with a 12% return.  Is there a better way?  Yes: the firm can use a combined cost, which over the long run would provide for better decisions.  By weighting the cost of each source of financing by its target proportion in the firm’s capital structure, the firm can obtain a weighted average cost that reflects the interrelationship of financing decisions.

11. 15.11 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital  Assuming that a 50–50 mix of debt and equity is targeted, the weighted average cost in this example would be 10% [(0.50 x 6% debt) + (0.50 x 14% equity)].  This outcome is clearly more desirable.  With this cost, the first opportunity would have been rejected (7% IRR 10% weighted average cost).

12. 15.12 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Concept of Cost of Capital Wren Manufacturing is considering projects 263 and 264. The basic variables surrounding each project using the IRR decision technique and the resulting decision actions are summarised in the following table.

13. 15.13 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Concept of Cost of Capital a Evaluate the firm’s decision-making procedures, and explain why the acceptance of project 263 and rejection of project 264 may not be in the owners’ best interest. b If the firm maintains a capital structure containing 40% debt and 60% equity, find its weighted average cost using the data in the table. c Had the firm used the weighted average cost calculated in part b, what actions would have been taken relative to projects 263 and 264? d Compare and contrast the firm’s actions with your findings in part c. Which decision method seems more appropriate? Explain why.

14. 15.14 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Concept of Cost of Capital a. The firm is basing its decision on the cost to finance a particular project rather than the firm’s combined cost of capital. This decision-making method may lead to erroneous accept/reject decisions. b. k a =w i k i + w p k p + w s k s  k a =0.40 (7%) + 0.60(16%)  k a =2.8% + 9.6%  k a =12.4% 

15. 15.15 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Concept of Cost of Capital c.Reject project 263. Accept project 264. d.Opposite conclusions were drawn using the two decision criteria. The overall cost of capital as a criterion provides better decisions because it takes into consideration the long run interrelationship of financing decisions

16. 15.16 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Sources of finance The four sources of long-term funds for the business firm: debt, preference share capital, ordinary share equity capital and retained earnings.

17. 15.17 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Sources of finance This is important!! The specific cost of each source of financing is the after- tax cost of obtaining the financing today, i.e. the marginal cost of raising the next dollar of funding It is not the historically based cost reflected by the existing financing in the firm’s accounting records Only the cost of debt needs to be adjusted for tax. Why do we not adjust the cost of preference shares and equity for tax? Because dividends are paid from tax-paid profits. Therefore, the cost of these is an after-tax cost

18. 15.18 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Type of Financing Mkt ValWeight Long-Term Debt $ 35M 35% Preferred Stock$ 15M 15% Common Stock Equity $ 50M 50% $ 100M 100% Market Value of Long-Term Financing

19. 15.19 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Debt Cost of Debt Cost of Debt is the required rate of return on investment of the lenders of a company. Where P 0 = current market price P t = maturity value at time t I = interest payment in $ After tax cost is: k i = k d (1 – T)

20. 15.20 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has $1,000 par value zero-coupon bonds outstanding. BW bonds are currently trading at $385.54 with 10 years to maturity. BW tax bracket is 40%. $385.54 = $0 + $1,000 (1 + k d ) 10 Determination of the Cost of Debt

21. 15.21 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. (1 + k d ) 10 = $1,000 / 385.54 = 2.5938 (1 + k d )= (2.5938) (1/10) = 1.1 k d = 0.1 or 10% k i = 10% ( 1 –.40 ) k i 6% k i = 6% Determination of the Cost of Debt

22. 15.22 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of debt Du Chen Corporation is selling $10 million of 20-year, 9% coupon (stated annual interest rate) bonds, each with a face value of $1,000. Similar-risk bonds earn returns greater than 9% so the firm must sell the bonds for $980 to compensate for the lower coupon interest rate. The flotation costs paid to the investment banker are 2% of the face value of the bond (2% × 1000), or $20. The net proceeds to the firm from the sale of each bond are therefore $960 ($980 – $20).

23. 15.23 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of debt To solve this, we need a financial calculator or a spreadsheet. However there is a Yield to Maturity (YTM) formula that gives a good approximation answer: kd = [I + (1,000 – Nd)/n]/(Nd + 1000)/2 Where I = the interest payment in $ Nd = proceeds from the sale of the bond n = number of periods until the bond maturity.

24. 15.24 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of debt The cash flows are: End of YearCash flow 0 $960 1-20 -$90 1 -$1,000 Using the YTM formula, the answer is:

25. 15.25 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of debt

26. 15.26 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of debt Assuming a 30% tax rate and before-tax cost of 9.4%, k i = 0.094 x (1 – 0.30) = 6.6% = after-tax cost The explicit cost of long-term debt is less than the explicit cost of other forms of long-term financing, because of the tax- deductibility of interest.

27. 15.27 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Preferred Stock The cost of preference share capital (k p ) is the ratio of the preference share dividend (D p ) to the firm’s net proceeds (N p ) from the sale of preference shares  k p = D p / N p Example: consider an 8.5% pref issue, at par = $2.00 a share with an issue cost of 11 cents per share  k p = ($0.17) / ($1.89) = 9% (N p = 2.00 – 0.11 = $1.89)

28. 15.28 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Preferred Stock Comparing the 9% cost of preference capital with the 6.6% cost of long-term debt (bonds) shows that preference capital is more expensive. The difference exists primarily because the cost of the debt (interest) is tax-deductible. The cost of preference share capital already issued is the dividend (D p ) divided by the market value (P) of preference share capital k p = D p / P If the market value of Du Chen Corporation’s preference share capital is $10 million, and preference dividend payable is $0.9 million, the return on its preference share capital is: k p = $0.90/$10.00 = 9.0%

29. 15.29 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Preferred Stock Cost of Preferred Stock is the required rate of return on investment of the preferred shareholders of the company. k P = D P / P 0 Cost of Preferred Stock

30. 15.30 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has preferred stock outstanding with par value of $100, dividend per share of $6.30, and a current market value of $70 per share. k P = $6.30 / $70 k P 9% k P = 9% Determination of the Cost of Preferred Stock

31. 15.31 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividend Discount Model Dividend Discount Model Capital-Asset Pricing Model Capital-Asset Pricing Model Before-Tax Cost of Debt plus Risk Premium Before-Tax Cost of Debt plus Risk Premium Cost of Equity Approaches

32. 15.32 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. cost of equity capital The cost of equity capital, k e, is the discount rate that equates the present value of all expected future dividends with the current market price of the stock. D 1 D 2 D (1 + k e ) 1 (1 + k e ) 2 (1 + k e ) +... ++ P 0 =   Dividend Discount Model

33. 15.33 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. constant dividend growth assumption The constant dividend growth assumption reduces the model to: k e = ( D 1 / P 0 ) + g Assumes that dividends will grow at the constant rate “g” forever. Constant Growth Model

34. 15.34 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has common stock outstanding with a current market value of $64.80 per share, current dividend of $3 per share, and a dividend growth rate of 8% forever. k e = ( D 1 / P 0 ) + g k e = ($3(1.08) / $64.80) + 0.08 k e 0.1313% k e = 0.05 + 0.08 = 0.13 or 13% Determination of the Cost of Equity Capital

35. 15.35 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Determination of the Cost of Equity Capital Calculate Du Chen Corporation’s cost of ordinary share equity capital, k e. The market price, P 0, of its shares is $5. The firm expects to pay a dividend, D 1, of 40 cents at the end of the coming year, 2005. The dividends paid over the past 6 years (1999–2004) were:

36. 15.36 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Determination of the Cost of Equity Capital Calculate the growth rate of dividends: 1999 div/2004 div = 29.7/38.0 = 0.7816 = PVIF k,5 = 5% Or 2004 div/1999 div = 38.0/29.7 = 1.2794 = FVIF k,5 = 5%

37. 15.37 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Determination of the Cost of Equity Capital Substituting D 1 = $0.40, P 0 = $5.00 and g = 5 per cent into the Equation results in the cost of ordinary equity: k e = $0.40/$5.00 + 0.05 = 0.08 + 0.05 = 0.13 or 13%

38. 15.38 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. D 0 (1 + g 1 ) t D a (1 + g 2 ) t–a (1 + k e ) t P 0 = growth phases assumption leads to the following formula (assume 3 growth phases): The growth phases assumption leads to the following formula (assume 3 growth phases):    t=1 a t=a+1 b t=b+1  D b (1 + g 3 ) t–b +  Growth Phases Model (1 + k e ) t

39. 15.39 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. The cost of equity capital, k e, is equated to the required rate of return in market equilibrium. The risk-return relationship is described by the Security Market Line (SML). k e = R j = R f + (R m – R f )  j Capital Asset Pricing Model

40. 15.40 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) has a company beta of 1.25. Research by Julie Miller suggests that the risk-free rate is 4% and the expected return on the market is 11.4% k e = R f + (R m – R f )  j = 4% + (11.4% – 4%)1.25 k e 13.25% k e = 4% + 9.25% = 13.25% Determination of the Cost of Equity (CAPM)

41. 15.41 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. The cost of equity capital, k e, is the sum of the before-tax cost of debt and a risk premium in expected return for common stock over debt. k e = k d + Risk Premium* * Risk premium is not the same as CAPM risk premium Before-Tax Cost of Debt Plus Risk Premium

42. 15.42 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume that Basket Wonders (BW) typically adds a 2.75% premium to the before-tax cost of debt. k e = k d + Risk Premium = 10% + 2.75% k e 12.75% k e = 12.75% Determination of the Cost of Equity (k d + R.P.)

43. 15.43 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. 13.00% Constant Growth Model13.00% 13.25% Capital Asset Pricing Model13.25% 12.75% Cost of Debt + Risk Premium12.75% Comparison of the Cost of Equity Methods Generally, the three methods will not agree. We must decide how to weight – we will use an average of these three.

44. 15.44 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Weighted average cost of capital The WACC (k a ) is determined by weighting the cost of each specific type of capital by its proportion in the firm’s capital structure  k a = (k i x wi) + (k p x w p ) + (k e x w s ) Note: (i) The sum of weights must equal one. (ii) It is the after-tax cost of debt that is used.

45. 15.45 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Cost of Capital = k x (W x ) WACC = 0.35(6%) + 0.15(9%) + 0.50(13%) WACC = 0.021 + 0.0135 + 0.065 = 0.0995 or 9.95%  n x=1 BW’s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)

46. 15.46 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Weighted average cost of capital The costs of the various types of capital for Du Chen Corporation are: Cost of debt, k i = 6.6% Cost of preference capital, k p = 9.0% Cost of new shares, k e = 14.0% The company uses the following weights in calculating its WACC:

47. 15.47 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Weighted average cost of capital

48. 15.48 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Weighted average cost of capital Source WeightCost WACC Debt 0.40 6.6% 2.6% Pref capital 0.10 9.0 0.9 Ord equity 0.50 1 3.0 6.5 Totals 1.00 10.0% The WACC for Du Chen is 10%. Assuming an unchanged risk level, the firm should accept all projects that earn a return greater than or equal to 10%

49. 15.49 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. 1.Weighting System Marginal Capital Costs Capital Raised in Different Proportions than WACC Limitations of the WACC

50. 15.50 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. 1.Flotation Costs 1.Flotation Costs are the costs associated with issuing securities such as underwriting, legal, listing, and printing fees. a.Adjustment to Initial Outlay b.Adjustment to Discount Rate Limitations of the WACC

51. 15.51 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Add Flotation Costs (FC) to the Initial Cash Outlay (ICO). Reduces Impact: Reduces the NPV NPV =  n t=1 CF t (1 + k) t – ( ICO + FC ) Adjustment to Initial Outlay (AIO)

52. 15.52 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Subtract Flotation Costs from the proceeds (price) of the security and recalculate yield figures. Increases Impact: Increases the cost for any capital component with flotation costs. decreases Result: Increases the WACC, which decreases the NPV. Adjustment to Discount Rate (ADR)

53. 15.53 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Initially assume all-equity financing. Determine project beta. Calculate the expected return. Adjust for capital structure of firm. Compare cost to IRR of project. Use of CAPM in Project Selection: Determining Project-Specific Required Rates of Return

54. 15.54 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. 1. Calculate the required return for Project k (all-equity financed). R k = R f + (R m – R f )  k 2.Adjust for capital structure of the firm (financing weights). Weighted Average Required Return =[k i ][% of Debt] + [R k ][% of Equity] Determining Project-Specific Required Rate of Return

55. 15.55 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume a computer networking project is being considered with an IRR of 19%. Examination of firms in the networking industry allows us to estimate an all-equity beta of 1.5. Our firm is financed with 70% Equity and 30% Debt at k i =6%. The expected return on the market is 11.2% and the risk-free rate is 4%. Project-Specific Required Rate of Return Example

56. 15.56 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. k e = R f + (R m – R f )  j = 4% + (11.2% – 4%)1.5 k e 14.8% k e = 4% + 10.8% = 14.8% WACC WACC = 0.30(6%) + 0.70(14.8%) 12.16% IRR19%WACC 12.16% = 1.8% + 10.36%= 12.16% IRR= 19% > WACC = 12.16% Do You Accept the Project?

57. 15.57 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Initially assume all-equity financing. Determine group beta. Calculate the expected return. Adjust for capital structure of group. Compare cost to IRR of group project. Use of CAPM in Project Selection: Determining Group-Specific Required Rates of Return

58. 15.58 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Group-Specific Required Returns Company Cost of Capital Systematic Risk (Beta) Expected Rate of Return Comparing Group-Specific Required Rates of Return

59. 15.59 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Risk–Adjusted Discount Rate Approach (RADR) The required return is increased (decreased) relative to the firm’s overall cost of capital for projects or groups showing greater (smaller) than “average” risk. Project Evaluation Based on Total Risk

60. 15.60 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Discount Rate (%) 0 3 6 9 12 15 RADR – “high” risk at 15% (Reject!) RADR – “low” risk at 10% (Accept!) Adjusting for risk correctly may influence the ultimate Project decision. Net Present Value $000s 15 10 5 0 –4 RADR and NPV

61. 15.61 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.  j =  ju [ 1 + (B/S)(1 – T C ) ]   j : Beta of a levered firm.   ju : Beta of an unlevered firm (an all-equity financed firm). B/S:Debt-to-Equity ratio in Market Value terms. T C :The corporate tax rate. Adjusting Beta for Financial Leverage

62. 15.62 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Adjusted Present Value (APV) is the sum of the discounted value of a project’s operating cash flows plus the value of any tax-shield benefits of interest associated with the project’s financing minus any flotation costs. APV = Unlevered Project Value + Value of Project Financing Adjusted Present Value

63. 15.63 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Assume Basket Wonders is considering a new $425,000 automated basket weaving machine that will save $100,000 per year for the next 6 years. The required rate on unlevered equity is 11%. BW can borrow $180,000 at 7% with $10,000 after-tax flotation costs. Principal is repaid at $30,000 per year (+ interest). The firm is in the 40% tax bracket. NPV and APV Example NPV and APV Example

64. 15.64 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. NPV to an all-equity- financed firm What is the NPV to an all-equity- financed firm? NPV = $100,000[PVIFA 11%,6 ] – $425,000 NPV = $423,054 – $425,000 NPV– $1,946 NPV = – $1,946 Basket Wonders NPV Solution

65. 15.65 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. APV What is the APV? First, determine the interest expense. Int Yr 1($180,000)(7%) = $12,600 Int Yr 2( 150,000)(7%) = 10,500 Int Yr 3( 120,000)(7%) = 8,400 Int Yr 4( 90,000)(7%) = 6,300 Int Yr 5( 60,000)(7%) = 4,200 Int Yr 6( 30,000)(7%) = 2,100 Basket Wonders APV Solution

66. 15.66 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Second, calculate the tax-shield benefits. TSB Yr 1($12,600)(40%) = $5,040 TSB Yr 2( 10,500)(40%) = 4,200 TSB Yr 3( 8,400)(40%) = 3,360 TSB Yr 4( 6,300)(40%) = 2,520 TSB Yr 5( 4,200)(40%) = 1,680 TSB Yr 6( 2,100)(40%) = 840 Basket Wonders APV Solution

67. 15.67 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Third, find the PV of the tax-shield benefits. TSB Yr 1($5,040)(.901) = $4,541 TSB Yr 2( 4,200)(.812) = 3,410 TSB Yr 3( 3,360)(.731) = 2,456 TSB Yr 4( 2,520)(.659) = 1,661 TSB Yr 5( 1,680)(.593) = 996 PV = $13,513 TSB Yr 6( 840)(.535) = 449 PV = $13,513 Basket Wonders APV Solution

68. 15.68 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. APV What is the APV? APV = NPV + PV of TS – Flotation Cost APV = –$1,946 + $13,513 – $10,000 APV$1,567 APV = $1,567 Basket Wonders NPV Solution