1. Highlights of Plant Evolution

2. Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.

3. Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Nonvascular Seedless plants –_____________ Mosses –Hepatophyta Liverworts –Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants –Lycophyta Club mosses –Psilophyta Whiskferns –Spenophyta Horsetails –_____________ Ferns Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) We will treat all of these as separate “divisions”

4. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) –no true leaves, roots, stems __________/_________: –Gametophyte (antheridium and archegonium) –sporangium (produces spores) GametophyteSporophyte

5. Hepatophyta Liverworts –Two forms __________ (80%) __________ (20%)

6. Hepatophyta Liverworts –Reproduction Asexual (_______________) sexual

7. Anthocerophyta ____________

8. Bryophyta Mosses

9. Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Bryophyta Essay!

10. Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue –__________ (water) –__________ (food) –True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin (chemical in cell wall) Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella

11. Lycophyta Lycophytes –true leaves Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. –true stems –true roots –____________ leaves that produce spores

12. Psilophyta

13. Sphenophyta Horsetails –true leaves microphylls –true stems silica –true roots

14. Fern Life Cycle Essay!

15. Plantae Seed Plants

16. Vascular Plants Formation of vascular tissue –Xylem (water) –Phloem (food) –True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin ____________ generation dominate

17. Alternation of Generation

18. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte –mosses Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte –ferns Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte –seed plants

19. Why be Sporophyte Dominant? Reduced mutations –UV light harmful to DNA –Diploid (2n) form copes better with mutations two alleles

20. Why Retain Gametophyte Generation? Ability to screen alleles –doesn’t require a large amount of energy Sporophyte embryos rely on some gametophyte tissue

21. Seeds A seed is a sporophyte in a package –spores are only single cells –packaged with food All seed plants are _____________ (more than one kind of spore) –megasporangia –microsporangia

22. From Ovule to Seed Whole structure Develops from megaspore Embryo, food supply, protective coat

23. Overview of Seed Plants Produce Seeds –Can remain dormant for years –Pollination replaces swimming sperm Gametophyte generation reduced –Gymnosperms lack antheridium –Angiosperms lack both archegonium and antheridium

24. Phylogeny

25. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) Division: Cycadophyta Division: Ginkgophyta Division: Gnetophyta Division: Coniferophyta

26. Ginkgophyta Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree Characteristic leaves Only one species Only ______ are planted

27. Cycadophyta Cycads Palm-like plants –Sago Palms Leaves in cluster at top of trunks True __________

28. Gnetophyta 3 Genera Ephedra Mormon Tea –____________ raises heart rate raises blood pressure

29. Coniferophyta

31. Pine tree is the sporophyte generation Contains both male and female cones –Pollen (___________) cones (low in tree) produces pollen –Ovulate cones (high in tree) with scales produces seeds

32. Pine Life Cycle No Antheridium (microsporangia) produce pollen grain (4 cells) –2 prothallial cells –1 generative cell »produces 2 sperm –1 tube cell –__________ for dispersal

33. Pine Life Cycle Ovule in a ovulate cone –integument (seed coat) (2n) –megasporangia or nucellus (nutrition) (2n) –4 _______________ from female gametophyte (3 die) develops into female gametophyte –archegonium with eggs (n)

35. Angiosperms

36. Angiosperm

37. Flower Sepals Petals Receptacle (part of the stem) Stamen –Anther –Filament Carpel –Stigma –Style –Ovary with ovule

38. Angiosperm Life Cycle

39. No Antheridium (microsporangia - diploid) produce pollen grain –1 ___________ cell »produces 2 sperm –1 tube cell

40. Angiosperm Life Cycle Ovule in Ovary –megasporangia –produces 4 megaspores (3 die) remaining one develops into female gametophyte called the _____________

41. Angiosperm Life Cycle Embryo sac (Female Gametophyte) consists of: –7 cells (eight nuclei) due to 3 mitotic divisions 3 ___________ 2 polar nuclei (one cell) 2 __________ 1 egg

42. Angiosperm Life Cycle Double fertilization –one sperm unites with egg –one sperm unites with polar nuclei develops into endosperm (3n) Fruit and Seed development –ovule = seed –ovary = fruit

43. Angiosperm Life Cycle

44. Cross Pollination

45. Angiosperm Radiation Begins the Cenozoic era (65 mya) Most closely related to the Gnetophyta __________ –the mutual influence of two species on each other –plants and animals (insects, birds, bats)