2. Bryophytes Oldest plants ~400 million years old
Autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes
18,600 species
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

3. Bryophytes Nonvascular- cannot transport water or nutrients or starch
No true leaves, roots, stems-
Small <20 cm
3 features of land plants
Cuticle
Cellular jacket around gametes
Large gametophytes separate from sporophyte

4. Mosses
10, 000 species
Grow in moist areas- water still needed for sperm to move to egg
Peat moss- used for fuel
Rhizoids- root-like structures used for attachment to soil

5. Mosses

6. Hornworts

7. Liverworts

8. Bryophytes life cycle

9. Seedless Vascular plants
Next group to evolve further features for life on land
Xylem and Phloem- move water and sugars throughout the plant
13, 000 species
True roots, leaves, stems- rhizomes
NO SEEDS but use SPORES
Large sporophyte

10. Seedless vascular 4 major divisions Pterophyta- ferns
Psilotophyta- whisk ferns
Lycophyta- club mosses
Sphenophyta- horsetails

11. Lycophyta 1,100 species Club mosses- still need the water to reproduce
Commonly called “mini pines”
Cone-like structures called a strobilus contain spore producing leaves

12. Club Mosses

13. Psilotophyta Whisk ferns- not true ferns
Rhizomes- short branched, horizontal absorptive stems that grow underground
Reduced leaves
Photosynthetic branches

14. Psilotophyta Whisk ferns- not true ferns
Rhizomes- short branched, horizontal absorptive stems that grow underground
Reduced leaves
Photosynthetic branches

15. Whisk Ferns

16. Horsetails

17. Pterophyta Ferns- 12,000 species Largest and most diverse group
Mostly tropical
1 cm across to 25 m tall
Vascularized rhizomes give rise to roots and leaves
Sporangia on leaves release spores

18. Ferns Stomata in leaves
Life cycle dominated by sporpohyte (1st time we see this)
Eggs and sperm produced- need water
Immature leaves are called fiddleheads- mature leaves- fronds

19. Ferns
Sorus- clusters of sporangia- spore producing tissue

20. Fern life cycle

21. Tree fern