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Learning Goal 1 – Plant Classification Transition to Life on Land Early Adaptations – Vascular Tissue – Root and Shoot Systems - Nonvascular Plants Features – Mosses – Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails – Complex frond leaves – Gymnosperms Features – Modern Gymnosperms- Conifers – Angiosperms Features – Monocots – Eudicots –
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Unit II Plants Learning Goal 1 Classify plants into their various groups.
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Transition to Life on Land Early Adaptations Cuticle – an outer waxy layer that prevents water loss. Stomata – tiny passageways through cuticle-covered surfaces.
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Lignin – A tough polymer that strengthens the walls of plant cells. Apical meristem – a region of unspecialized cells near the tips of shoots and roots that divide and differentiate to form all plant tissues.
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Vascular Tissue Definition – Lignified, tube-like structures that branch throughout the plant body, conducting water and solutes. Xylem – Distributes water and dissolved minerals up through the plant from the roots. Phloem – Distributes sugars that are manufactured during photosynthesis in the leaves down through the plant.
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Root and Shoot Systems Roots - structures that anchor a plant into the soil and absorb water and nutrients. They comprise a root system with a large surface area. Shoots – the above- ground portion of plants that consist of stems and leaves and function in absorption of light energy and carbon dioxide.
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Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) Features Found in wet to moist habitats Flagellated sperm without vascular system No true roots, leaves, or stems Liverworts Hornworts
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Mosses Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) Most resemble vascular plants. Ecological functions include soil production and primary producers in harsh conditions.
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Seedless Vascular Plants (Pterophytes) Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails –V–Vascular seedless plants –A–Abundant during carboniferous as trees –F–Formed coal fossils (with lycophyta) Complex frond leaves –N–Node: Point on stem where leaf attaches –S–Sorus on fronds
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Gymnosperms Features Naked seed plants Pollen grains produce nonmotile sperm –P–Pollination: Transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts, no water required Ovule –F–Female structure that produces eggs. –M–Modern gymnosperms are all woody species:
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Cycads
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Ginkgoes: One living species, Gingko biloba
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Gnetophytes
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Conifers - Woody reproductive cones - Most are evergreen (shed some but not all leaves each year) - Needle leaves - Many produce resin
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Angiosperms (Anthophyta) Features Flowering plants with covered seeds Carpels (specialized leaves) protects ovules and seeds Flowers contain carpels at their center Fruit structure nourishes and disperses seeds
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Coevolution with Animal Pollinators
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Two Groups of Angiosperms Monocots (single cotyledon) Leaves have parallel veins Fibrous roots Flowers with petals in multiples of 3
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Eudicots 2 cotyledons Leaves have branched veins Taproot system Flowers with petals in multiples of 4 or 5
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LG 1 Vocab Terms 1.Cuticle – 2.Stomata – 3.Vascular Tissue – 4.Lignin – 5.Root/Shoot Systems – 6.Bryophytes – 7.Pterophytes – 8.Gymnosperms – 9.Angiosperms – 10.Monocots/Eudicots –
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