1. Introduction to Plants

2. A. Obstacles to living on land
Harsh ultraviolet light  oxygen produced in oceans converted to ozone
Absorbing minerals  mutualism with fungi, similar to mycorrhizae
Conserving moisture  Waxy cuticle, with pores called stomata
Reproducing on land  sperm protected in pollen grains

4. Pollen Grains

5. B. Vascular Tissue and Seeds
Tissues to conduct materials within a plant.
Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
Phloem moves carbohydrates from leaves to roots.
A seed contains the embryo of a plant.
Seeds provide advantages such as protection, nourishment, dispersal, and delayed growth.

8. Cladogram of Plant diversity
Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots
Gymnosperms (conifers)
Ferns
Fruits and flowers
Mosses
Seeds
Vascular tissue

9. C. Phyla of Living Plants
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These require water for reproduction, and are small in size.
Mosses do
not make
seeds

10. Mosses do not have xylem or phloem

11. Vascular, Seedless plants include ferns and horsetails
Vascular, Seedless plants include ferns and horsetails. These have xylem and phloem, but do not produce seeds.

12. Gymnosperms (with seeds) are primarily the conifers and cycads
Gymnosperms (with seeds) are primarily the conifers and cycads. These rely on wind for pollination

13. Angiosperms (with flowers and fruits) are the most numerous plants

14. D. Alternation of Generations
Plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte that produces spores

16. E. Evolution of flowers
Flowering plants are more efficient than conifers, because animals often carry the pollen.

17. Flower have four basic structures:
A. Sepals – modified petals, protect flower while it is a bud

18. Petals – may be scented and/or colored to attract animals

19. Stamen – male reproductive structure, with anther and filament
Pistil – female reproductive structure, with stigma, style, and ovary. Fertilized egg develops within ovary, becomes a seed.

20. A cotyledon is a leaf-like structure that stores food for the embryo
Angiosperms are divided into two classes:
Plants with one cotyledon are called monocots.
Plants with two cotyledons are called dicots.

21. Monocots
Dicots
Embryo
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons

22. Monocots
Dicots
Flowers
flower parts are in multiples of 3
flower parts are in multiples of 4 or 5

23. Monocots
Dicots
Stems
xylem and phloem is scattered
Xylem and phloem is in a ring pattern

24. Monocots
Dicots
Leaves
Veins are parallel
Veins are branching

25. Monocots
Dicots
Roots
Fibrous – numerous roots of approx. the same length
Taproot – a main root with small lateral roots

26. Monocots
Dicots
Examples
Wheat, Rice, Grass,
Daffodils
Peas, Radishes, Lettuce, Carrots, most trees (apple blossom below)

27. Monocot or dicot?

28. Monocot or dicot?

29. Monocot or dicot?

30. Monocot or dicot?