1. PLANTS

2. 3. Cell walls of cellulose 4. Carry out photosynthesis
What is a Plant?
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Cell walls of cellulose
4. Carry out photosynthesis
5. Store energy as starch
6. Autotrophic

3. To prevent water loss, many plants have–
ADAPTATIONS TO SURVIVE ON LAND
To prevent water loss, many plants have–
A. Waxy cuticle – thick layer for protection
B. Stomata – Open during day; close at night; regulated by guard cells

4. 2. Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis
*Shape to trap light energy
*Gas exchange occurs here
Organ of
photosynthesis
is the leaf!
What is the
organelle?

5. 3. Specialized roots for absorption of water and minerals

6. 4. Specialized stem for transporting materials

7. 5. Reproduction on lands needs to occur with little or no water
****MANY PLANTS PRODUCE
SPORES
****AND SOME
PRODUCE SEEDS

8. Evolution of Plants moss cone-bearing algae fern flowering
Using the following words, put them in order of how you think they evolved….
moss
cone-bearing
algae
fern
flowering

9. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE OF DEVELOPMENT
OF PLANT TYPES:
ALGAE  MOSSES 
FERNS 
CONE-BEARING 
FLOWERING

10. TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF PLANTS :
1. NONVASCULAR
2. VASCULAR

11. Examples of Nonvascular Plants -
LIVERWORTS
MOSSES

12. No vascular tissue!
Water moves by osmosis
Low-growing

13. 2. VASCULAR PLANTS

14. Include 3 Main Groups:
A. Ferns
(Seedless)
B. Gymnosperms
(Seeds in cones)
C.Angiosperms
(Seeds in flowers)

15. A. XYLEM -
Cells in tubes that transport water and minerals

16. B. PHLOEM -
Tubes that transport food

17. Sugars
Actively
transported;
water also moves
(By osmosis)
through the phloem
from the SOURCE
to the (Place that
stores or uses
sugars) SINK
**PRESSURE FLOW
HYPOTHESIS

18. Phloem Transport Phloem Xylem Sugar molecules Source cell
Movement of water
Movement of sugar
Sink cell

19. Vascular Plants Include 3 Main Groups:
A. Ferns
(Seedless)
B. Gymnosperms
(Seeds in cones)
C.Angiosperms
(Seeds in fruits,
Produce flowers)

20. Ferns – Seedless Vascular plants Require water for sperm to swim
to egg
Leaves called
fronds

21. B. Gymnosperms
Vascular plants
Produce seeds on scales called cones
“Naked seeds”
***Water not needed
for reproduction

22. Carried to female cone by wind, water, insects, ... (Pollination)
Pollen grain contains
gametophyte and sperm!
Carried to female cone by wind, water, insects, ... (Pollination)
****Pollen grows tube to join egg (fertilization) forming seed

23. Life cycle of
gymnosperm

24. Most produce seeds in woody cones

25. Female (seed)
and
Male (pollen)
cones

26. The Structure of a Seed Seed coat Seed Embryo Wing B
Stored food supply
Seed
Wing B A

27. AFTER FERTILIZATION Zygote becomes an EMBRYO (Diploid sporophyte)
COTYLEDONS –
Seed leaf of embryo
SEED COAT –
Protects embryo

28. Advantages of Seeds *Food supply for growing plant
*Protection by seed coat
*Provides less competition with “parents”
*Water not needed for fertilization

29. Largest Group of Gymnosperms are the Conifers
Needle – Like leaves help retain water
Flexible branches and needles so they don’t break with the weight of snow!

30. A few are DECIDUOUS (Lose their leaves at same time) so are dormant in winter
Most are EVERGREEN so can carry on photosynthesis as soon as spring arrives

31. Are these xylem or phloem???
Grow tall because of wood tubes (tracheids) that support water and dissolved minerals
Are these xylem or phloem???
**Bark reduces water loss

32. C. FLOWERING PLANTS

33. WHAT ARE ANGIOSPERMS? VASCULAR PLANTS PRODUCE FLOWERS
DEVELOP SEEDS IN FRUITS
WHICH HELPS PROTECT EMBRYO

34. TWO CLASSES OF ANGIOSPERMS:
1. Monocots
One seed leaf in embryo
Includes grasses, orchids,
lilies, palms
Parallel veins in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of
three

35. 2. Dicots Two seed leaves in embryo Most flowering plants
Leaves with netted veins
Flower parts in multiples of four
or five

37. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot Dicot Cotyledons (seed leaves) Mono=1 Di=2
Leaf Veins
Parallel
Branched
Flower Parts (#petals, stamen, carpels, etc)
Always in multiples of 3
(ex. 3, 6, 9)
In multiples of 4s and 5s
Roots
fibrous
Tap root

38. Monocot or Dicot????

39. Monocot or Dicot?

40. Monocots vs. Dicots

41. GENERAL VASCULAR
ORGAN TERMS

42. ROOTS STEMS LEAVES VEINS Absorption Support; transport Photosynthesis
Contain xylem and phloem

43. 1. Roots Two types of root systems: A. TAPROOT SYSTEM –
Large central roots, Ex: Carrot!
(most dicots)

44. B. FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM –
Highly branched
(Most monocots)

45. ROOT HAIRS increase surface area for absorption
ROOT CAP - Covers tip of the root and protects it
MERISTEM – Growth area just behind the root tip
~Was this primary or secondary growth?

46. Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)
Structure of a Root
Epidermis
Root hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Apical meristem
Root cap
Zone of maturation
Zone of elongation
Endodermis
Ground tissue (cortex)
Vascular Cylinder
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)

47. 2. STEMS
Two kinds –
A. HERBACEOUS –
Flexible vascular
bundles scattered

48. B. WOODY –
Rigid
Have
growth
rings of
vascular
tissue that
determine
age

49. Layers of a Tree Trunk Wood Bark Cork
Contains old, nonfunctioning xylem that helps support the tree
Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals
Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem
Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis
Produces protective layer of cork
Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree
Xylem: Heartwood
Cork Cambium
Phloem
Vascular Cambium
Xylem: Sapwood

50. 3. LEAVES A. SIMPLE – One leaf blade attached to stem
B. COMPOUND – Divided leaf blade attached to stem
PETIOLE – stalk that attaches leaf to stem

51. Cross Section of a Typical Leaf
MESOPHYLL –
Ground tissue full of chloroplasts
XYLEM
PHLOEM
GUARD CELL
STOMA

52. Epidermis
Cuticle
Guard cell
Stomata

53. Structure of a leaf: STOMATA

54. REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANTS

55. Structure of a Flower 1. SEPALS –
Leaflike; green; arranged in circle beneath
the petals
*Protects
the ovary!
*Protects the
Flower while
Developing!

56. 2. PETALS –
Leaf-like and colorful to attract insects!

57. 3. STAMEN – MALE! Male part made of ANTHER and FILAMENT
Anther: produces pollen (sperm!)
Filament: stalk that supports the anther

58. 4. PISTIL/CARPEL –
FEMALE!
Female part made of sticky STIGMA (where pollen grains land), STYLE (transports sperm to egg), and OVARY which contains OVULES with eggs inside

59. Lacks one or more organs
COMPLETE
FLOWER –
Has all four organs
INCOMPLETE FLOWER –
Lacks one or more organs
What is this picture missing?

60. The Structure of a Flower
Filament
Anther
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
Stamen
Is this complete or incomplete?

61. Transfer of pollen from the
POLLINATION –
Transfer of pollen from the
stamen to the pistil

62. Adaptations for Pollination that Attract Particular Animals:
1. Nectar
2. Petal Color
3. Scent

63. Types of Pollination 1. SELF-POLLINATION –
Stigma receives pollen from the same plant

64. 2. CROSS-POLLINATION –
POLLEN FROM ONE PLANT
IS CARRIED TO STIGMA OF
ANOTHER OF SAME TYPE OF
PLANT
ALLOWS FOR EXCHANGE OF
GENETIC MATERIAL

65. FERTILIZATION
IN FLOWERS

66. After the pollen grain lands on the stigma, the pollen tube cell grows a tube to the ovary.
The two sperm
cells move
through the
tube into
the ovule

67. -One sperm joins
with the egg in the
Ovule.
-The other sperm
joins with the
central cell (2N) to
form the endosperm
(3N).
This process is called
double fertilization!!!

68. After fertilization occurs, the flower dies and the seed develops.
Seed Formation
After fertilization occurs, the flower dies and the seed develops.
Ovule becomes the seed coat which protects the embryo.
The zygote divides becoming the embryo.
The 3N central cell develops into the endosperm which is food-storage tissue.

69. The ovary develops into the fruit!
Fruits
The ovary develops into the fruit!

70. Parts of a Seed

71. ***Fruits protect the seeds and aid in dispersal***
Fruits can be dry (Nuts and grains) or
Fleshy (Oranges, Peaches Tomatoes, Squash,…)
***Fruits protect the seeds and
aid in dispersal***

72. ****GERMINATION – Development of the seed into a new plant!
Seed Germination
Seeds remain dormant until conditions are right for development and growth!
****GERMINATION – Development of the seed into a new plant!
Water, oxygen,
and warm
temperatures are
Needed!

73. Root appears first,
then the stem,
and finally the leaves

74. Growth and Development
Plants respond to stimuli from the environment
This process is called TROPISM
POSITIVE TROPISM – growth towards the stimulus
NEGATIVE TROPISM – growth away from the stimulus
PHOTOTROPISM –
Response to light
GRAVITROPISM –
Response to gravity
THIGMOTROPISM –
Response to touch

75. PLANT HORMONES
HORMONES – Chemicals made in one part of an organism that cause a change somewhere else
*Produced in ROOTS!
AUXINS – Growth hormones;
cause cells to elongate,
inhibit growth of side
branches

76. Auxins and Phototropism
Control
Tip removed
Opaque cap
Clear cap
Opaque shied over base
High concentration of auxin
Low concentration of auxin

77. Apical Dominance Apical meristem Lateral buds
Auxins produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds.
Apical meristem removed
Without the inhibiting effect of auxins from the apicial meristem, lateral buds produce many branches.

78. TAKS Review How are chloroplasts and mitochondria alike?
Get energy directly from the sun
Found in humans
Found in plants
Responsible for energy conversions
Plants give off oxygen in what process?
Photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Chemosynthesis
Anaerobic respiration

79. TAKS Review Cont….
Production of Carbon Dioxide and sugar
Production of Oxygen and sugar
Exposure to light
Breakdown of protein
Intake of carbon dioxide
Intake of oxygen
Three of the statements above are stages in photosynthesis. Select and arrange in order 3 stages of photosynthesis. a b c d

80. TAKS Review Cont…. 4. What are the function of stomata?
a. sugar production
b. protection
c. gas exchange
d. water storage
5. What is the function of xylem? Phloem?
a. transport water; transport food
b. transport food; transport water