1. King & Kitchener’s Reflective Judgment Model Presented by: Ashley Asel Buddy Housman Andy Merrill Nicole Staskal-Brecht October 22, 2007

2. Agenda Learning Objectives Write, Pair, & Share Research Outcomes and Factors Utility Criticisms Application activity Discussion/Questions Evaluations

3. Learning Objectives As a result of our presentation, students will be able to: Identify how it has been tested Identify the major outcomes and factors contributing to those outcomes Identify criticisms of the RJM Apply the RJM to student learning in their assistantships or future work Synthesize the usefulness of the RJM for student affairs work through strategy development

4. Think, Pair, & Share Take a few minutes to write about a time in your own work when you have wanted to or tried to further a student’s reflective judgment. ▫What made you think the student was in an early stage of the reflective judgment model? ▫How did or would you try to create an environment in which the student could move to the next stage? Pair & Share

5. Research on the Reflective Judgment Model Instruments ▫Reflective Judgment Interview (RJI)  Standard probe questions:  What do you think about these statements?  How did you come to hold that point of view?  On what do you base that point of view?  Can you ever know for sure that your position on this issue is correct? How or why not?  When two people differ about matters such as this, is it the case that one opinion is right and one is wrong?  How is it possible that people have such different points of view about this subject?  How is it that experts in the field disagree about this subject? ▫Reasoning About Current Issues Test (RCI)

6. Research on the Reflective Judgment Model (cont’d) How reliable is the Reflective Judgment Interview? ▫King & Kitchener (1994) report reliabilities from 32 studies that used the RJI:  Inter-rater reliabilities range from.29 to.97  Internal consistency reliabilities range from.50 to.99

7. Research on the Reflective Judgment Model (cont’d) Longitudinal design vs. cross-sectional data Three foci in the research ▫Development of reflective judgment over time ▫Differences in reflective judgment by age/educational level ▫Differences among academic disciplines

8. Research on the Reflective Judgment Model (cont’d) More than 30 empirical studies have studied the RJM by focusing on: ▫High school students ▫Traditional-aged college students ▫Nontraditional-aged college students ▫Graduate students ▫Nonstudent adults ▫Gender differences ▫Cross-cultural differences

9. Research on the Reflective Judgment Model (cont’d) General findings ▫Slow but steady pattern of development in reflective judgment ▫Engagement in educational activities improves individuals’ reasoning about ill-structured problems ▫Development follows the stages of the RJM ▫Presence in an educational setting facilitates development

10. Outcomes and Contributing Factors “Cultivating good thinking is one of the most rewarding and important outcomes of teaching” (King, 2000, pg. 15) Developmental progression from childhood to adulthood Slow and steady development over time Subsequent stages Educational activities tend to improve RJ

11. Outcomes and Contributing Factors (cont’d) Development of reflective thinking Process of acquiring knowledge Evaluating knowledge Able to articulate and justify their beliefs about ill-structured problems Development evolves holistically

12. Seven Assumptions to Consider Before Applying This Theory Individuals actively interpret and attempt to make sense of what they experience How individuals interpret events is affected by their epistemic assumptions People’s ways of making meaning develop over time Individuals function within a “developmental range” of stages Interaction with environment strongly affects an individual’s development Development is stimulated when an individual’s experiences do not match expectations Development in reflective thinking occurs within the context of the individual

13. Application to student affairs Our Challenge Where are Students Developmentally? Challenge and Support Give Feedback Real-Life Issues

14. Criticisms “I love a good cross!”

15. The Ultimate Cross Examination Scopes “Monkey” Trial College study: The Belief in God and Immortality

16. Reflective Judgment The “Teflon”® Theory

18. Mootness Internal Consistency Sequentiality Intra-Individual Differences

19. Specific Criticisms RJI>RCI Ill-structured problems Stages Subject matter Sample Ernie

20. Activity Strategies for Promoting Reflective Thinking ▫Groups of four

21. Discussion (time permitting) What are some examples of “ill-structured” issues that have or might arise in your assistantship/work?

22. Questions

23. Evaluations Please complete your evaluation. Thank you!