1. The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Genes on chromosomes control the traits that show up in organisms

2. Heredity

3. The father of genetics
First to use mathematics of probability to explain heredity and to trace one trait for several generations

4. Gregor Mendel

5. Different forms of a trait that a gene may have

6. Alleles

7. The study of how traits are inherited is

8. genetics

9. covers up or dominates other allele

10. Dominant allele

11. the trait seems to disappear unless the organism has TWO copies

12. Recessive allele

13. receive DIFFERENT genetic information for a trait from each parent

14. Hybrids

16. Punnett Square

17. the genetic makeup of an organism

18. Genotype

19. an organism with two alleles for one trait that are the SAME

20. Homozygous

21. an organism with two alleles for one trait that are the DIFFERENT

22. Heterozygous

23. the way an organism looks and behaves as a result of its genotype

24. Phenotype

25. Cross Bb and BB

26. Cross Bb and BB
B b
B B BB Bb

27. What Percentage of Offspring are Homozygous recessive?BB Bb bb

28. 25%

29. If B is allele for pink flowers, and b is the allele for white, what is the probability of having offspring that are pink? BB Bb bb

30. 75%

31. B and b show incomplete dominance
B and b show incomplete dominance. If B is allele for red flowers, and b is the allele for white, what is the probability of having offspring that are pink? BB Bb bb

32. 50%

33. B and b show codominance
B and b show codominance. If B is allele for pink flowers, and b is the allele for white, what is the probability of having offspring that are pink? BB Bb bb

34. 25%

35. When the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype
Such as flower color in some plants, coat of some horse breeds
Chesnut horse
Cremello horse
Palomino horse

36. Incomplete dominance
When the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype
Such as flower color in some plants, coat of some horse breeds
Chesnut horse
Cremello horse
Palomino horse

37. Occurs when a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait
The effects of many alleles produce a wide variety of phenotypes
Ex: height, eye and skin color

38. Polygenic Inheritance
Occurs when a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait
The effects of many alleles produce a wide variety of phenotypes
Ex: height, eye and skin color

39. plays a role in how genes are expressed
Ex: some people have genes that make them at risk for developing skin cancer, but if they limit their exposure to the sun, they may never get cancer

40. Environmental Impact
Environment plays a role in how genes are expressed
Ex: some people have genes that make them at risk for developing skin cancer, but if they limit their exposure to the sun, they may never get cancer

41. Genes that are altered or copied incorrectly
Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect
Can be caused by x-rays or radioactive substances
Bruce Banner was exposed to Gamma Radiation, turning him into the Hulk.

42. Mutations Genes that are altered or copied incorrectly
Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect
Can be caused by x-rays or radioactive substances
Bruce Banner was exposed to Gamma Radiation, turning him into the Hulk.

43. Mistakes in meiosis can result in new organism with more or fewer chromosomes than normal
Usually fatal to unborn fetus, but not always
Ex: Down Syndrome

44. Chromosome Disorders
Mistakes in meiosis can result in new organism with more or fewer chromosomes than normal
Usually fatal to unborn fetus, but not always
Ex: Down Syndrome

45. These disorders occur when both parents have a recessive allele responsible
Because parents heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms
Ex: cystic fibrosis

46. Recessive Genetic Disorders
Some recessive genes are result of a mutation
These disorders occur when both parents have a recessive allele responsible
Because parents heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms
Ex: cystic fibrosis

47. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism are XX in females and XY in males
Females produce eggs with X chromosome only and males produce sperm with X or Y.

48. Sex Determination
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism are XX in females and XY in males
Females produce eggs with X chromosome only and males produce sperm with X or Y.

49. an allele inherited on a sex chromosome

50. Sex Linked Disorders
Sex-linked gene- an allele inherited on a sex chromosome
Ex: color blindness trait for color blindness recessive on X chromosome. Because men only have one X chromosome, a male with this allele is color blind.

51. A visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family

52. Pedigree
A visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family

53. When scientists experiment with biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene
Can be done to find new ways to improve crop production and quality, including the development of plants that are resistant to disease

54. Genetic Engineering
When scientists experiment with biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene
Can be done to find new ways to improve crop production and quality, including the development of plants that are resistant to disease

55. made by inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium
ex: large quantities of human insulin are made by genetically engineered organisms

56. Recombinant DNA

57. a normal allele is placed in a virus
a normal allele is placed in a virus. The virus then delivers the normal allele when it infects target, and the normal allele replaces defective one.
Used to test ways of controlling cystic fibrosis and cancer

58. Gene therapy

59. In the past, improvements to plants were result of selecting plants with most desirable traits and breeding them

60. Selective Breeding

61. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Benefits
Risks
More nutritious food
Tastier food
Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources (water, fertilizer, etc.)
Decreased use of pesticides
Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life
Faster growing plants and animals
Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that absorb less fat when fried
Medicinal foods that could be used as vaccines or other medications
Modified plants or animals may have genetic changes that are unexpected and harmful.
Modified organisms may interbreed with natural organisms and out-compete them, leading to extinction of the original organism or to other unpredictable environmental effects.
Plants may be less resistant to some pests and more susceptible to others.