1. The Transfer of Genetic Information
Chapter 3
The Transfer of Genetic Information
---- From
DNA to
RNA

2. 3.1 Overview
1. Procedures of Gene Expression
(1) Gene expression
(2) Steps

3. ① ② ③ ④

4. (+) (─) 2. Coding Strand and Antisense Strand
5’------ATTGCCTGAATGGTCCC----3’
5’------TAACGGACTTACCAGGG----3’
5’------AUUGCCUGAAUGGUCCC----3’
5’------UAACGGACUUACCAGGG----3’
(+)
coding strand, non-template strand, sense strand, plus strand……
(─)
template strand, antisense strand, minus strand……
sense RNA
antisense RNA

5. 3. Steps are required for the transcription:
(1) Initiation
(2) Elongation
(3) Termination

7. 4. Main Components for Transcription
 substrate
 template
 RNA polymerase
5’ → 3’

8. holoenzyme(α2ββ ω )      RNA pol in prokaryotes
Core enzyme(α2ββ ω)
holoenzyme(α2ββ ω )

9.  RNA polymerases in Eukaryotes

10. 3.2 Transcription in Prokaryotes
1. DNA Elements for Initiation of Transcription
in Prokaryotes
(1) Promoter
(2) Structure of Promoter
-35 region, -10 region, INR (Inr)

11. 2. Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
3. Elongation and Termination of Transcription
in Prokaryotes

13.  ρ-independent termination (strong)
 ρ-dependent termination (weak)

14. 3.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes
1. DNA Elements for Initiation of Transcription
in Eukaryotes
 Cis-acting elements
TATA box, UPE, UAS…..
 Trans-acting factor
TFs

15. 2. Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes

16. PIC of RNA pol II transcription
upstream control element (UCE). 
upstream binding factors (UBF)

17. PIC of RNA pol I transcription
upstream control element (UCE). 
upstream binding factors (UBF)

18. PIC of RNA pol III transcription
TFIIB-related factor, BRF

19. PIC of 5S rRNA transcription

20. Animation

21. RNA Processing
1. Coding RNA and Non-coding RNA
 Coding RNA - mRNA
 Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) - any RNA
that is not translated into a protein.

22. 2. Types of RNA Processing
 End modification
 Splicing
 Cutting events
 Chemical modification

23. 3. End-modification of pre-mRNA
 5’-cap
 3’-Poly(A) : Polyadenylate polymerase

25. 4. RNA Splicing
 pre-mRNA splicing
 tRNA-splicing
 Group I intron splicing
 Group II intron splicing

26. The mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing

27. snRNPs
spliceosome

28. U1snRNPs is released.
U4snRNPs is released.
Two transesterification reactions

29. Animation

30. tRNA splicing

31. Group I intron splicing

32. Group II intron splicing

33. Alternative Splicing

34. Cis Splicing
Trans Splicing

35. 5. RNA Editing
mRNA Editing of Human Apolipoprotein - B

36. 3.5 Reverse transcription

40. 1989 Nobel Prize In Chemistry
3.6 Ribozymes
Thomas Cech
Sidney Altman
What is a Ribozyme?
1989 Nobel Prize In Chemistry

41. Mechanism of Ribozyme

42. Types of Ribozyme - the hammerhead ribozyme (plant virus)
- the hairpin ribozyme (plan virus)
- hepatitis delta ribozyme (human virus)
- group I and group II intron ribozyme
- RNAse P (tRNA maturation)

43. Natural ribozymes: Peptidyl transferase 23S rRNA RNase P
Group I and Group II introns
Leadzyme
Hairpin ribozyme
Hammerhead ribozyme
HDV ribozyme
Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme
VS ribozyme
glmS ribozyme
CoTC ribozyme

44. RNA World Hypothesis
What is the origin of life?
DNA?
RNA?

45. Summary 1. Regulatory elements of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
for RNA transcription
2. RNA polymerase of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3. Procedures of RNA transcription
4. mRNA structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5. Types of RNA processing
6. Types of RNA splicing and their mechanisms
7. RNA editing mechanism
8. Mechanism of reverse transcription
9. Ribozyme and silencing mechanism

46. Thank You Very Much