1. AXIAL SKELETON  Skull - 29 bones  Thorax - 12 x 2 ribs + sternum  Vertebral Column - cervical 7 bones - thoracic 12 bones - lumbar 5 bones - coccyx 4 bones

2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON  Upper Extremities- shoulder to carpals - 32 x 2 (right and left)  Lower Extremities- pelvis to tarsals - 31 x 2 (right and left)

3. SKELETON FUNCTIONS Protect vital organs Support soft tissues - fascia, tendon, ligament Manufacture red blood cells Reservoir for minerals - calcium, phosphate Attachments for muscles Levers and Pulleys for muscle torques

4. Physical Stress on Bones  Compression - pressing together  Tension - pulling apart  Torsion - twisting  Shear - tearing across

5. Forces acting on player 1. Racket Weight 2. Air Resistance 3. Ball Impact 4. Stroke Type > flat stroke > top spin stroke SEE Fig 3-2 page 63 Basic Biomechanics 4 th edition Susan J. Hall

6. Properties of Tendons/Ligaments  Elasticity - tissue’s ability to stretch and return to its original length  Elastic Limit - point of no return to original length  Plasticity - tissue stretched beyond Elastic Limit (stays lengthened)

7. Factors - Stability of Articulation  Bone Arrangement - strong = one “fits” into other (knee, elbow joints)  Ligament Arrangement - quality and quantity  Muscle Arrangement – stabilizing lines of force

8. ROM Range of Motion

9. ROM Factors (Range of Motion) Shape of Articulation - elbow versus shoulder Tightness of Muscles & Ligaments Size of Adjacent Tissue - muscle, adipose Restrictive Clothing/Equipment/Devices