1. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 0

2. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Chapter 8 Diseases and Conditions of the Digestive System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Slide 2 The Digestive System

4. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Oral Cavity and Jaw (Diseases and Conditions)  Herpes simplex (cold sores)  Thrush http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://64.143.176.9/library/healthguide/en-us/images/media/medical/hw/n2176.jpg mydochub.com/blog/index.php/2007/08/16/

5. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Digestive Distress Signals  Hiccup  Indigestion  Heartburn  Nausea  Vomiting  Colic  Flatulence  Diarrhea  Constipation  Fecal incontinence

6. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract Peptic ulcers: sores or lesions in the mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tract www.nlm.nih.gov/ency/fullsize/19249.jpg GASTRIC DUODENAL

7. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity  Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing difficulty; some cases asymptomatic Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall  Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain

8. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Diverticular Conditions www.merck.com/figures/MMHE_09_128_01_eps.gif

9. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.) Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum that can be acute or chronic, local or generalized  Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, distended abdomen, paralytic ileus

10. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Cirrhosis of the liver

11. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.) Viral hepatitis  Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild damage to the liver.  Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).  Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease.

12. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Cancer of the Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma: primary tumor of the liver; usually arises in chronic liver disease setting www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/92230/ LIVER TUMORS

13. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Cholecystitis www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/43a0746accc5d Causes: obstruction of biliary duct by gallstones

14. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy): a disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine www.isletsofhope.com/celiac_sprue_1.html

15. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: psychological disturbance in which self-imposed starvation and compulsion to be thin leads to denial of hunger Bulimia: behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self- induced vomiting or purging

16. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 CHAPTER - 9 Diseases and Conditions of the Respiratory System Slide 15 Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Slide 16 Orderly Function of the Respiratory System

18. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Diseases of the Respiratory System Causes:  Infection  Circulatory disorders  Tumors  Trauma  Immune diseases  Congenital defects  Central nervous system damage or diseases  Environmental conditions

19. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 LUNG-Atelectasis Atelectasis (collapsed lung): airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissue radiology.med.sc.edu/misplacedngtube.htm

20. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Pulmonary Embolism  Occurs when embolism is lodged in artery and interrupts blood supply www.vascularweb.org/Pulmonary_Embolism.html

21. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Pneumonia Causes of Pneumonia: Bacterial infection-  Pneumococci  Staphylococci  Group A hemolytic streptococci  Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2  Other gram-negative organisms (Legionella, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Francisella tularensis)

22. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Pneumonia (cont’d.) Causes of Pneumonia: Virus  Adenoviruses  Influenza viruses  Syncytial viruses  May also be caused by damage to lungs, such as inhalation of poisonous gas such as chlorine or aspiration of foreign matter

23. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)  COPD includes:  Chronic bronchitis (acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi)  Bronchiectasis  Asthma  Emphysema  Cystic fibrosis  Pneumoconiosis-any disease of the lung caused by long-term dust inhalation

24. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

25. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Tuberculosis  Pulmonary tuberculosis: chronic, acute, or subacute infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/imagepages/19099.htm

26. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Infectious Mononucleosis  Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection): acute herpes virus infection (glandular fever)  Symptoms:  Lymphadenopathy  Fever that typically peaks in afternoon  Listlessness, malaise, chills, anorexia  Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and cervical generalized lymphadenopathy

27. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome  Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): severe pulmonary congestion characterized by acute respiratory distress and hypoxemia  Symptoms:  Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow respirations  Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal retractions along with cyanosis or mottled skin  May also have rales, rhonchi and wheezes

28. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Lung Cancer 4 major types: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)  Squamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all lung cancers  Adenocarcinoma - 40%  Large cell carcinoma - 10% Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - occurs almost exclusively in smokers  Small cell carcinoma - 20%