1. CHRONIC ADAPTATIONS Physical Education, Unit 4 AoS 1

2. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 2 Key knowledge: Chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems to training. Chronic Adaptations http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodybuil ders#mediaviewer/File:Anwar_El-Emmawi.jpg

3. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 3 Chronic Adaptations A long-term physiological change, in response to training loads, that allows the body to meet new demands. Categorised as either: Aerobic adaptations; Anaerobic adaptations. Occur at the following levels (locations) of the body: Respiratory Level Cardiovascular Level Muscular Level

4. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 4 Plateau Plateaus (relatively stable levels) will occur once the athlete’s body has adapted to the new loads. No new adaptations will occur due to the training load no longer challenging the body. Progressive Overload must be implemented at this point for further adaptations to occur.

5. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 5 Type of training Aerobic Training Methods Continuous Training Long Interval Training Fartlek Training Anaerobic Training Methods Short Interval Training Intermediate Interval Training Speed Training Plyometrics Training Weights/Resistance Training Aerobic Adaptations Anaerobic Adaptations

6. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 6 Respiratory Level Oxygen intake When discussing changes at the Respiratory Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s lungs. Any changes at a Respiratory Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to intake.

7. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 7 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations - Respiratory Level Lung Volume Tidal Volume Alveoli size and surface area Pulmonary diffusion O2 cost to ventilatory muscles Ventilation (rest and submax) Aerobic Adaptations Respiratory Level

8. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 8 In More Detail Increased alveoli size and surface area Alveoli size and surface area Aerobic Adaptations Respiratory Level http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alveoli_diagram.png

9. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 9 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increase in alveoli size and surface area can improve performance for a triathlete. (2 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emma_Jackson_(triathl ete)#mediaviewer/File:Emma_Jackson_Budapest.jpg

10. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 10 Cardiovascular Level Oxygen transport When discussing changes at the Cardiovascular Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s heart, blood vessels, and blood. Any changes at a Cardiovascular Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to transport http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Heart#mediaviewer/File:Gray505.png

11. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 11 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level Left ventricle size Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Resting Heart Rate Submaximal Heart Rate Recovery Heart Rate Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level

12. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 12 In more detail Increased left ventricle size Left ventricle size Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level

13. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 13 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increase in the size of the left ventricle of the heart can improve performance for a 3000m runner. (2 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mo_Farah_Helsinki_2012.jp g

14. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 14 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood vessels) Capillary density to heart Capillary density to muscles Blood flow redistributed to working muscles Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:Capillaries#mediaviewer/File:Capillary_system_CERT.jpg

15. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 15 In More Detail Increased Capillary Density at the Muscles Capillary density at the muscles Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capillaries#mediaviewer/File:Illu_capillary-IT.jpg

16. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 16 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increased capillary density at the muscles can improve performance for a hockey midfielder. (2 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Field_hockey_pl ayers#mediaviewer/File:Ch_carpesa.jpg

17. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 17 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood) Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins) Blood Volume Plasma Levels Red Blood Cells Haemoglobin LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins) Blood Pressure (Submax and Rest)

18. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 18 In More Detail… Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood) Aerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level Red blood cell count

19. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 19 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increased red blood cell can improve performance for a road cyclist. (2 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cadel_Evans#mediavie wer/File:Cadel_Evans_TDF_2012_%C3%A9tape_9_01.jpg

20. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 20 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level Aerobic Adaptations Muscular Level Capillary Density to muscles Myoglobin Mitochondria Oxidative Enzymes Glycogen Stores Triglyceride Stores Glycogen sparing Glycogen Synthase a-vO2 difference

21. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 21 Chronic Adaptations Aerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level Aerobic Adaptations Muscular Level Mitochondria

22. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 22 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increased mitochondria size and surface area can improve performance for a netballer playing in the position of “Centre”. (2 marks)

23. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 23 Concept Explorer Which of the following typical changes would you expect to occur as a result of 6 months of endurance training?

24. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 24 Chronic Adaptations Anaerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level Anaerobic Adaptations Muscular Level Fast-twitch fibre size and number ATP Stores CP Stores Glycogen Stores Glycolytic Enzymes Contractile Proteins Myosin ATPase Muscle buffering capacity Neural transmission Size of connective tissue Motor unit recruitment

25. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 25 In More Detail… Increased Contractile Proteins Aerobic Adaptations Muscular Level Contractile proteins http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svg

26. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 26 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increased amount of contractile proteins within an athlete’s muscle cells can improve performance for an AFL ruckman during boundary throw-ins around the ground during a match. (2 marks)

27. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 27 Chronic Adaptations Anaerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level Anaerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level Left ventricle wall thickness

28. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 28 In More Detail… Increased Left Ventricle Wall Thickness Anaerobic Adaptations Cardiovascular Level Left ventricle wall thickness http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cle an).svg

29. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 29 Concept Explorer Discuss how an increased ventricle wall thickness can improve performance for a 200m runner in the Olympics. (2 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gouden_Spike_2011_- _200m_met_o.m._Patrick_van_Luijk.jpg

30. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 30 VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 12 A chronic adaptation to aerobic training is an: A.Increase in the recruitment of fast-twitch fibres B.Increase in fat oxidation at the same energy expenditure C.Increase in carbohydrate metabolism at the same energy expenditure D.Increased contribution from the anaerobic energy system at the same energy expenditure.

31. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 31 VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 6d A chronic muscular adaptation to weight training is muscular hypertrophy. Identify two changes that occur in the muscle that contribute to muscular hypertrophy. (2 marks)

32. We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! VCE Physical Education Unit 4 © Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2015 32 VCAA Question: 2012 Exam Question 14c Prior to undertaking an endurance training program, a 45-year-old male ran at 10 km/h on a treadmill at an intensity of 80% HR max. Post-training (after weeks of endurance training), would running at this same speed (10 km/h) see him working at a higher or lower percentage of maximum heart rate. Justify your answer. (3 marks) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_555848_Testing_on_treadmill.jpg