1. Jazz Roots of jazz and American “pop” - African-American/Slave songs - English folk songs The Blues - major form of black music until Dixieland - lead to the birth of jazz

2. Jazz Major movements: (after the blues & ragtime) New Orleans/Dixieland Swing (big band swing) Bebop Hard Bop Cool/Third Stream Free Jazz Funk/Electronic/Fusion

3. Dixieland King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band - Made first series of recordings by an all black group - collective improvisation - introduced world to Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) - Played Cornet and sang (invented scatting) - After 1930, performed more swing - Many jazz scholars dismiss this period

4. Swing Big band swing (1930’s & 40’s) - First began as dance music - At first, all black or all white groups Benny Goodman (1909-1986) - Benny Goodman famous for both jazz and classical - had one of the first highly respected big bands - began to break the racial barrier

5. Swing Duke Ellington (1899-1974) - pianist and brilliant orchestrator - sound effects, orchestral instruments, & technically sound musicians - interest in third stream composition (suites) - copyrighted 952 compositions Count Basie (1904-1984) - pianist, more interested in swinging “hard” - all African-American band from Harlem

6. Swing Billie Holiday - very bluesy, thought of singing “too slow” Ella Fitzgerald - known for great technique, improvisation, and refining scatting By the end of WWII, big bands fell out of popularity - mostly for financial reasons - gave way to a rise in small groups

7. Bebop Style: more complicated (and faster) melodies, more complicated harmonies, called for virtuosic techniques Charlie Parker (1920-1955) - saxophonist “Dizzy” Gillespie (1917-1993) - trumpeter First time jazz musicians began to be respected as legitimate Hard Bop Style: “Straight ahead and funky” After Bird’s death: blues popular again

8. Cool/Third Stream Cool – less aggressive than bop, laid back - slower melodies, instruments in their mid ranges Miles Davis (1926-1991) – trumpet - distinct sound: quiet, with use of mute - 3 major periods: cool, modal, electric - “Birth of the Cool” - First cool album, major reaction against bebop

9. Cool/Third Stream Third Stream – mixture of jazz and classical - First appeared in big bands - in jazz, an attempt to create a sophisticated and respected style - Gil Evans, arranger, pushed Miles Davis down this path during his cool period - “Sketches of Spain” & “Porgy and Bess”

10. Cool/Third Stream Miles Davis (1926-1991) - Modal Jazz - focus on writing new songs (not show tunes) - fewer chords, sometimes repeated bass lines 1950’s Quintet - Most famous album was “Kind of Blue” - Simpler than previous jazz albums 1960’s Quintet - introduced Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter & Tony Williams

11. Cool/Third Stream Dave Brubeck (1920-) – pianist - Dave Brubeck Quartet - Recorded “Time Out” - Exploration of odd meters Charles Mingus (1922-1979) – Bassist - Transition from third stream to free jazz

12. Free Jazz Style: Collective improvisation, emphasis on ensemble (not soloist + Accompaniment), “all traditional musical rules are open to question” Ornette Coleman (1930-) - saxophonist (sometimes plastic) - at first, not taken seriously - 1959, recorded “The Shape of Jazz to Come” - First avant-garde jazz album - No Chord Structure (no pianist!)

13. Free Jazz John Coltrane (1926-1967) - saxophonist - Got his start with Miles Davis - different from other “Cool” jazz musicians: intense sound, well developed technique - Formed his own quartet, recorded “A Love Supreme” - a four movement suite mixing third stream & free jazz - Programmatic work about God

14. Electronic/Fusion Miles Davis - after Coltrane’s death, decided to break away from “Cool” jazz - formed groups with multiple electric keyboards & electric bass Most famous album is “Bitches Brew” - (Also the first Electric Jazz album) - mixed rock and funk rhythm section with avant-garde instrumental parts

15. Electronic/Fusion Herbie Hancock (1940-) - After “Bitch’s Brew” (last recording w/ Miles), formed his own electronic group - Eventually became interested in funk music - recorded “Headhunters” - Based soley on funk music - Continued to explore pop music: - “Future Shock” & “Future2Future”

16. Electronic/Fusion Chick Corea (1941-) - many influences (jazz, classical, funk, latin) - formed the Elektric Band (introduced Dave Weckl) Weather Report - Joe Zawinul & Wayne Shorter - introduced Jaco Pastorius Pat Metheny (1954-) - Electric guitarist Béla Fleck and the Flecktones - Béla Fleck (banjo), Victor Wooten (bass)