1. Submitted by VISHNU KANT MISHRA Reg. no.:- 0601222248 8 th sem

2. TThe application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings or, increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible. Although the term mechanization is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labour by machines, automation generally implies the integration of machines into a self- governing system. Automation has revolutionized those areas in which it has been introduced, and there is scarcely an aspect of modern life that has been unaffected by it.

3. TThe technology of automation has evolved from the related field of mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human (or animal) power with mechanical power of some form. The driving force behind mechanization has been humankind's propensity to create tools and mechanical devices. Some of the important historical developments in mechanization and automation leading to modern automated systems are described here.

4. FEEDBACK CONTROLS MACHINE PROGRAMMING

5. DDevelopment of robotics TThe robot manipulator RRobot programming

6.  TYPES OF AUTOMATION:-  1. Fixed automation  2. Programmable automation  3. Flexible automation.

7.  Application in manufacturing operations :  (1) Material handling  (2) Processing operations  (3) Assembly and inspection

8.  A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a form of flexible automation in which several machine tools are linked together by a material-handling system, and all aspects of the system are controlled by a central computer.

9.  In computer process control, a digital computer is used to direct the operations of a manufacturing processdigital computer  Computer process control system generally includes following :-  1. Measurement of temperature, flow rate, and pressure.  2. Execution.  3. Actuation of devicesActuation  4. Generation of reports

10.  In manufacturing firms toward the use of computers to perform many of the functions related to design and production is computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM).  Computer-aided design (cad) makes use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of a design.  Computer-aided manufacturing (cam) involves the use of computer systems to assist in the planning, control, and management of production operations.

11.  In addition to the manufacturing applications of automation technology, there have been significant achievements in such areas as communications, transportation, service industries, and consumer products. Some of the more significant applications are described in this section.

12. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  Higher production rates and increased productivity,  More efficient use of materials,  Better product quality, improved safety,safety  Reduced factory lead times  Worker displacement.  Leads to Emotional stress for workers.