1. HISTORY 4130 6.0 The Inauguration of the Flavian Amphitheater, AD 80 Genevieve Durigon

2. Selected Bibliography Martialis de spectaculus liber. Shakelton Bailey, trans & ed (1993) Epigrams Volume I (Harvard Unviersity Press) pp 12- 39. Martialis de spectaculus liber. Shakelton Bailey, trans & ed (1993) Epigrams Volume I (Harvard Unviersity Press) pp 12- 39. Cassius Dio Cocceianus LXVI. E Cay & H Foster, trans (1925) Roman History: Volume III Books 61-70 (Harvard University Press) pp 311-313. Cassius Dio Cocceianus LXVI. E Cay & H Foster, trans (1925) Roman History: Volume III Books 61-70 (Harvard University Press) pp 311-313. Suetonius Titus Suetonius Titus Kathleen Coleman (1997) ‘The contagion of the throng’: absorbing violence in the Roman world. Eur Rev 5: 401-417. Kathleen Coleman (1997) ‘The contagion of the throng’: absorbing violence in the Roman world. Eur Rev 5: 401-417. Alison Futrell (1997) Blood in the arena (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press). Alison Futrell (1997) Blood in the arena (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press). CIL, vol XIV, no 3,014 (=Dessau no 6,252) CIL, vol XIV, no 3,014 (=Dessau no 6,252) N Lewis & M Reinhold (2000) Roman Civilizations Volume II 3rd Ed. (New York: Columbia University Press) p 274. N Lewis & M Reinhold (2000) Roman Civilizations Volume II 3rd Ed. (New York: Columbia University Press) p 274. William J Slater, ed. (1997) Roman theatre and society. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press) pp 68-112. William J Slater, ed. (1997) Roman theatre and society. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press) pp 68-112. Chapter by J Edmondson

3. Brief History of the Amphitheater Concept of Amphitheater Concept of Amphitheater Curio, 53 BC Curio, 53 BC Wooden amphitheaters built shortly thereafter Wooden amphitheaters built shortly thereafter First stone amphitheater in Rome First stone amphitheater in Rome Built by Statilius Taurus, 29 BC. Built by Statilius Taurus, 29 BC. Provided venue for Roman Spectacle Provided venue for Roman Spectacle Previously held in temporary structures in open field or in the Forum Previously held in temporary structures in open field or in the Forum http://int.tourisme.ville-arles.fr/UK/a2/a2a1.htm

4. amphitheatrum Caesareum Completed in 10 years Completed in 10 years http://www.accla.org/images/vespasian.jpg Vespasian Titus Domitian http://www.accla.org/actaaccla/titus.html http://www.accla.org/actaaccla/domitian.html AD 75 AD 80 AD 85

5. The Flavian Amphitheater http://www.legionxxiv.org/colosseum/ http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/gladiatr/colcoin.htm

6. http://www.legionxxiv.org/colosseum/

7. http://www.legionxxiv.org/colosseum/

8. http://subject.jccssyl.edu.hk/subjects/history/subhtml/library/images/Rome/COLOSSEUM.jpg

9. The Flavian Amphitheater Enormous capacity Enormous capacity 40-60,000 40-60,000people Architectural model for all other amphitheaters Architectural model for all other amphitheaters Symbol of Roman culture Symbol of Roman culture http://www.gardkarlsen.com/rome/colosseum_from_Via_dei_fori_imperiali.jpg

10. The Inauguration of the Colosseum Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Book LXVI), Suetonius (Titus, 7) & Martialis (de spectaculis liber) Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Book LXVI), Suetonius (Titus, 7) & Martialis (de spectaculis liber) 100-day festival 100-day festival Naval battles (artificial lake) Naval battles (artificial lake) Infantry battles Infantry battles Gladiatorial Shows (munera) Gladiatorial Shows (munera) Wild beast hunts (venationes) Wild beast hunts (venationes) http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/martial.htm Marcus Valerius Martialis AD 43-117 http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/pics/gladiators-colosseum/StoraxRelief.jpg

11. Function of the Amphitheater Venue for Roman Spectacle Venue for Roman Spectacle Particularly bloodsport Particularly bloodsport munera munera(gladitorial shows) & venationes (wild beast hunts) http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/bestiarii.jpg

12. Symbolism of Bloodsport Origins Origins Mythic & Religious Associations Mythic & Religious Associations virtus (Coleman 1997, Futrell 1997, Edmondson 1997) virtus (Coleman 1997, Futrell 1997, Edmondson 1997) http://www.nashfordpublishing.co.uk/archaeology/images/bignor_gladiators.jpg

13. Spectacle & Social Relations Promotes social unity Promotes social unity Spectators vs. participants (Futrell, 1997 & Edmondson, 1997) Spectators vs. participants (Futrell, 1997 & Edmondson, 1997) Crime & Punishment Crime & Punishment Reinforces Social Demarcations (Edmondson, 1997) Reinforces Social Demarcations (Edmondson, 1997) Vertical Vertical Horizontal Horizontal http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rgls/ho_81.10.245.htm

14. Political Propaganda Provide entertainment Provide entertainment Reassure the masses Reassure the masses Reenact historical events and/or recent battles Reenact historical events and/or recent battles Social identity Social identity Self-validating Self-validating Distraction from bad government Distraction from bad government http://www.indiana.edu/~c494troy/Empire/tomb_gladiator_frieze.jpg

15. Gift Giving & Reciprocity for the Politically Ambitious Gauge/sway public opinion (Coleman, 1997 & Edmondson, 1997) Gauge/sway public opinion (Coleman, 1997 & Edmondson, 1997) Give gift of entertainment to the masses and gain favour Give gift of entertainment to the masses and gain favour Place in social order is maintained or elevated Place in social order is maintained or elevated Or is it? Or is it? http://www.fotosearch.com/thumb/ICL/ICL154/BIM_092.jpg

16. Thoughts to the Contrary: Potential Theme of Essay Bloodsport became an industry integral to the Roman bureaucracy Bloodsport became an industry integral to the Roman bureaucracy Spectacle became part of tradition Spectacle became part of tradition Effectiveness as a political tool is questionable Effectiveness as a political tool is questionable Amphitheater as arena for social politics Amphitheater as arena for social politics Over-stated Over-stated

17. The End Any comments? Thoughts? Concerns? Questions?