1. BPAA Inc. Conference July 2015

2. BPAA Conference, July 2015 There is no question that our health has improved spectacularly in the past century. One thing seems certain: it did not happen because of improvements in medicine, or medical science, or even the presence of doctors. Much of the credit should go to the plumbers and sanitary engineers of the western world. Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

3. The number of people who use it or benefit from it; Its impact on society – for example, does it save lives; Its place on the historical timeline – would this invention be possible without a previous invention? Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

4. BPAA Conference, July 2015 The printing press Indoor plumbing Electricity Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

5. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Freshwater is still less than 2.5% of the Earth’s total water The global population has tripled over the last 70 years but freshwater use has risen more than six fold Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

6. BPAA Conference, July 2015 The United Nations Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights issued a statement; “Water is fundamental to life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a healthy life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite to the realisation of other human rights.” Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

7. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Sources of supply Treatment techniques Chlorination Storage Distribution networks Cross connection control Water quality monitoring System operator Emergency plan Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

8. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Appropriate design and Installation of certified plumbing products and approved materials. Cross-connection control: backflow preventers to be installed as required at fixtures and appliances to prevent pollutants from entering the potable water system. Licensed plumber: Require that a licensed plumber perform all plumbing work according to the plumbing code and state regulations. Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

9. BPAA Conference, July 2015 In the USA "most drinking water treatment and distribution systems practice the multiple barrier concept as part of their overall plan for providing safe water" on the assumption that pathogens are always present in the source water. Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

10. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Two significant findings; First, a "large, visible crack" was found in a sewer vent pipe in Block E, which was a potential means of SARS transmission. Second, broken trap seals in bathroom floor drains allowed sewer gases laden with a heavy viral load from SARS victims' diarrhoea to escape and infect people in other apartment units Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

11. BPAA Conference, July 2015 World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of plumbing “Plumbing is the system of pipes, fixtures and appliances within a property, and also all of the work associated with the design, installation, removal, alteration or repair of piping, fixtures and appliances in connection with drinking- water supply, non-drinking water supply and drainage systems, which flow in and out of buildings and between given connection points to points of use and/or disposal. Some define plumbing as beginning at the property line, others define it more broadly.” Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

12. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Drinking water The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for drinking water aims to have 88 per cent of the world population with access to improved sources by 2015 was met and surpassed in 2010. Sanitation MDG target called for halving the proportion of the population without basic sanitation and so extend access from 54 per cent to 77 per cent of the global population. Unfortunately this target was not met. 68 per cent of the global population now uses an improved sanitation facility. Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

13. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Diarrhoeal disease is the third leading cause of death among children under 5 – almost a thousand per day due to poor sanitation, poor hygiene or unsafe drinking water 161 million children suffer from stunting or chronic malnutrition which has been linked to lack of access to water and sanitation, and impacted by open defecation 842,000 deaths from diarrhoeal disease each year could be prevented by improved water and sanitation Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

14. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Key Objectives Elimination of open defecation Conversion of unsanitary toilets to pour flush toilets (a type of pit latrine, usually connected to two pits) Eradication of manual scavenging 100% collection and processing/disposal/reuse/recycling of municipal solid waste A behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste disposal systems Facilitating private-sector participation in capital expenditure and operation and maintenance costs for sanitary facilities. Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

15. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

16. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

17. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

18. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants

19. BPAA Conference, July 2015 Stuart Henry, Aqua Global Consultants