2. 1914-1918: The World at War Ch. 27 1914-1918: The World at War Ch. 27

3. 1. Bismarck System of Alliances  3 Emperor’s League (1873)  Austria  Russia  Germany  Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty ( 1887)  Triple Alliance (1882)  Italy  Germany  Austria

4. 2. Germany changes strategy  Willliam II fires Bismarck  William terminates German- Russian Reinsurance Treaty  Russians form new treaty with France

5. The British Empire in 1914

6. 3. Why end of German- British “natural alliance”?  Boer War  Germany envy of English Empire  Economic and military rivalry

7. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

8. 4. Anglo-French Entente  British join with Japan and the French to form new alliance  Germany feels threatened and pushes for more territory in Africa

9. 5. Algeciras Conference  Germany asks for international conference over question of Morocco  Germany receives no territory because English and French hang together  Germany feels left out

10. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

11. 6. Problems in the Balkans  Serbian nationalism increases  Serbia looks towards Russia for help  Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovinia ( Serbia’s neighbors )  Serbia attacks and conquers old Ottoman Empire to the south

12. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

13. The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

14. 7. Berlin Conference gives relief  Austria-Hungary given rights to Bosnia and Herzegovinia  Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria get independence  Ottoman Empire retains control on some territory as buffer to Austria-Hungary and Russia

15. The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

16. 8. Why Serbia and Austria- Hungary Bad Blood?  Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovinia  Serbia’s partnership with Russia  Assassination of A-H Arch- Duke Francis Ferdinand blamed on Serbians

17. The Assassination: Sarajevo

18. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

19. 9.Differing Viewpoints  Diplomacy failed  Austria desperate  Austria-Hungary “used” by Germany  Germany used war to hide domestic problems  Nationalism

20. Who’s To Blame?

21. Aggressive Nationalism

22. Europe in 1914

23. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

24. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

25. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

26. Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

27. Recruitment Posters

28. New French Recruits

29. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

30. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

31. 10. Schlieffen Plan  Germany attacks France through Belgium  British come to aid of Belgians and slow Germans

32. The Schlieffen Plan

33. Europe in 1914

34. 11. Why a Stalemate? A “ War of Attrition ”

35. Trench Warfare

37. “No Man’s Land”

38. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

39. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

40. 13. Developments  Entire generation of men lost  Split develops between veterans and civilians  Russia invades Germany (eastern front) and loses 2.5 million soldiers  Germany and Austria-Hungary defeat Russia and Serbia  Italy switches sides with promise of Austrian territory  British, French and Japanese seize German colonies  U. S. enters war in 1917

41. America Joins the Allies

42. The Sinking of the Lusitania

43. The Zimmerman Telegram

44. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

45. Americans in the Trenches

46. 14. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

47. French Renault Tank

48. British Tank at Ypres

49. U-Boats

50. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

51. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

52. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

53. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

54. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

55. The Zeppelin

56. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

57. Poison Gas Machine Gun

58. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

59. 15. Back Home  Nationalism- “our country is the best!”  Rationing-products needed for war effort are limited availability  Wage Controls- salaries kept artificially low  Price Controls- suppliers are not allowed to raise prices  Socialism-government takes greater control of economy

60.  Universal Draft- everyone must serve in the armed forces  Military Control- the armed forces and not civilians control the government  Labor Shortages- fewer workers mean unions become stronger  Social Equality- war evens the plain  Propaganda- information meant to convince the people that the war is just

61. “ Art ” of World War I

62. German Atrocities in Belgium

63. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

65. Women and the War Effort

66. Financing the War

67. For Recruitment

68. Munitions Workers

69. French Women Factory Workers

70. German Women Factory Workers

71. Working in the Fields

72. A Woman Ambulance Driver

73. Red Cross Nurses

74. Women in the Army Auxiliary

75. Russian Women Soldiers

76. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

77. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

78. Australian Poster

79. American Poster

80. Financing the War

81. German Poster Think of Your Children!

82. War Is HELL !!

83. Sacrifices in War

84. The Eastern Front

85. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

86. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

87. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

88. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

89. The Tsar with General Brusilov

90. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

91. Sikh British Soldiers in India

92. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

93. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

94. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

95. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

96. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

97. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

98. World War I Casualties 320,518 Americans are killed, wounded or taken prisoner. Almost half of the dead are victims of the flu pandemic

99. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

100. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

101. The Russian Revolutions

102. 16. Liberal Hopes  Exposure to Western ideas would bring about democratic reform  Only changed in the short term

103. 17. Why the Tsar fell  Huge losses in the world war- 2.5 million- after loss to Japan  Weak leadership  Rasputin scandal  Food shortages  Bloody Sunday

104. 18. Downfall of Provisional Government  Russian has freest democratice country in the world temporarily under Kerensky  Government mistakes – Postponed land reform – Continued with WWI – Shared power with the Petrograd ( communists )

105. 19. Lenin’s (leader of Bolsheviks) Beliefs  Revolution is necessary to destroy capitalism  Intellectual elite must lead  Mensheviks believed in democratic govt. led by the masses

106. 20.Trotsky takes action  Trotsky ( follower of Lenin ) centered power in the Petrograd  Bolsheviks – control military – Have superior leaders – Appealed to workers and soldiers – Allowed peasants to seize land – Allowed workers to take over factories  Russian withdraws from WWI – but loses western territories

107. 21. Russian Civil War  And in this Corner….the White Army – The white army was made up of anybody who did not approve of Lenin – They were given support by many outsiders, but could not beat the Red Army and their leader Leon Trotsky  Civil War very deadly – 14 million Russian’s died in 3 years – Red Army won Significance- Bolsheviks were able both to seize power and maintain it!

108. 22. Why Germans Lost  People weary of war  American relief  Soldiers and workers demonstrate for peace  The Jews! ( or so said Hitler )

109. 23. The Treaty of Versailles

110. 23. Results of Versailles Treaty  France trades demands for land for alliance with England and USA  Germany loses land in Africa and Europe  Germany admits guilt, limits army and must pay mucho $$$$  Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire cease to exist  Wilson arranges Plan for Peace – Fourteen Points Secret treaties, armies and navies, colonial claims, changing borders, League of Nations Self determination

111. 24. Controversy over Troubled Treaty USA prefers to remain isolated and does not want alliances in Europe USA turns down treaty in the Senate Italy and Japan unhappy over gains Colonies did not cash in on war League is too weak England also turns down alliance so France feels betrayed