1. Module 18: Information Processing Let’s test our memories with 2 activities.
Chapter 08: Memory

2. The Information-Processing Model
Module 18: Information Processing

4. Information Processing Model
Encoding - getting information into the memory system
Storage - the retaining of encoded information over time
Retrieval - getting encoded information out of memory storage

5. Encoding: Automatic and Effortful Processing
Module 18: Information Processing
Encoding:
Automatic and Effortful Processing

6. Automatic Effortful Processing Processing
The unconscious encoding of some information without effort
Usually information on space, time and frequency
Encoding that requires attention and a conscious deliberate effort
The best processing is through rehearsal or practice.

7. Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information in order to encode it
The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.

8. Rehearsal and Retention (From Baddeley, 1982)

9. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
German philosopher who did early memory studies with nonsense syllables
Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”
CAJ, TUM, ZIL, PEF, NAX, FOS, RET, KEW, NAR, VIB, SUR, GOY, BAH, WUX, DEM, LIG, QUI, YOF, PUD, FOY
Can you learn these?

10. Ebbinaus Curve (From Baddeley, 1982)

11. Overlearning
Continuing to rehearse after the point the information has been learned
Rehearsing past the point of mastery
Helps ensure information will be available even under stress
How many times have you learned about July 4, 1776?

12. Overlearning Example First…eww, UGA
Back to back to back National Champs.
Know their routines, even under pressure
How has overlearning effected their performances?

13. Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Module 18: Information Processing
Remember the following: turkey, chicken, vulture, albatross, eagle, hawk, pigeon, dove, seagull, cardinal, rooster, hen Wait… Write down what you remember

14. Serial Position Effect
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list
Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list
Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list

15. Primacy/Recency Effect (From Craik & Watkins, 1973)

16. Encoding: Spacing Effect The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice How does this relate to studying?

17. Congrats!! You have just been chosen to throw for $1,000,000!!!
But…how will you prepare!

18. Distributed Massed Practice Practice
Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time
Usually enhances the recalling of the information
Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming)
Not as effective as distributed practice
What is an acceptable rate of return for you?

19. Encoding: Encoding Meaning
Module 18: Information Processing

20. Semantic Encoding The encoding of meaning
Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall
Why is it hard to remember information learned in your least favorite class?

21. Semantic Encoding (From Craik & Tulving, 1975)

22. Acoustic Encoding
Encoding information based on the sounds of the information

23. Visual Encoding
Encoding information based on the images of the information

24. Self-Reference Effect
The enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant
Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life

25. Encoding: Encoding Imagery
Module 18: Information Processing

26. We will never forget this image:
Why?
We remember pleasant and not so pleasant images.
For many of us, happy moments stick and unpleasant ones do not.

27. Module 18: Information Processing
Encoding: Mnemonic Devices Any examples? * My Aunt Rose Is Eating Twenty Two Apples (Marietta)
Module 18: Information Processing

28. Mnemonic Device
A memory trick or technique for remembering specific facts
“Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale
Ever forget how to spell psych?
“People say you could have odd lots of good years”

29. Method of Loci
A mnemonic device in which the person associates items to be remembered with imaginary places
Pg 341 2nd paragraph

30. Peg-Word System
A mnemonic device in which the person associates items to remember with a list of peg words already memorized
Goal is to visualize the items to remember with the items on the pegs
One is a bun
The first thing to remember is a carrot
Imagine a steaming carrot on a bun!
#4 in the self-test

31. Peg Word System: Remember… one two, buckle my shoe?

32. Encoding: Organizing Information
Module 18: Information Processing

33. Chunking Organizing information into meaningful units
More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.
Phone numbers are often remembers as chunks (the area code is actually one item)

35. Storage: Three Storage Systems
Three distinct storage systems :
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory)
Long-Term Memory

36. Storage: Sensory Memory
The brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system
Iconic store – visual information
Echoic store – sound information
Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance

37. Storage: Short-Term Memory aka: working memory
Conscious, activated memory which holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten
Holds 7 + or – 2 chunks of info
Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed

38. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Module 18: Information Processing

39. Storage: Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Holds memories without conscious effort
Flashbulb Memory
A vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Can be personal memories or centered around a shared event

40. Module 18: Information Processing
Storage: Memory and the Brain Long-Term Potentiation: An increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency Believed to be the neural basis of learning & memory
Module 18: Information Processing

41. Storage: Explicit and Implicit Memories
Module 18: Information Processing

42. Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare
Processed through the hippocampus

43. Implicit Memory
Memory of skills and procedures that are retrieved without conscious recollection
Processed through the cerebellum

44. Memory and the Hippocampus
Damage to the hippocampus would result in the inability to form new explicit memories, but the ability to remember the skills of implicit memories

45. Retrieval, Recall & Recognition
Retrieval - The process of getting information out of memory storage
Two forms of retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Recall - A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
Essay, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer test questions test recall
Recognition - A measure of memory in which a person must identify items learned earlier
Multiple choice and matching test questions test recognition

46. Retrieval: Context Effect
The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information

47. Retrieval: State Dependent Memory
The enhanced ability to retrieve information when the person is in the same physical and emotional state they were in when they encoded the information
The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state