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STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature.
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1. Blue- young and hot >30,000 degrees Ex. Rigel 2. White - usually old and hot 10000>7500 Ex. Sirius 3. Yellow – Average temperature and middle age 6000>5000 Ex. The sun
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4 – Red- coolest and growing old Ex. Betelgeuse 4000>1000
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B. DISTANCE FROM EARTH 1. MEASURED IN LY –DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR 6,000,000,000,000 MILES 2.MEASURED BY USING PARALLAX- MEASURES THE DISTANCE BY USING THE APPARENT SHIFT IN MOTION over time
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C. Star’s Brightness 1. Luminosity or absolute magnitude. –A. Actual brightness of the star –B. found by using the distance and apparent magnitude.
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2. Apparent Brightness –A. The brightness we see from earth –B. Depends on size, distance and surface temperature.
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Constellation- group of stars that form a pattern
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D. Classification 1. H. R. diagram (Hertzsprung – Russell) 2. Classifies by surface temperature and absolute magnitude. 3. Main sequence stars- stars of similar composition and size –A. “average” stars
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4. Outside of main sequence –A. Red super giants and red giants –B. Blue Giants. –C. White Dwarfs Betelgeuse
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Rigel Betelgeuse Sirius Sun
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Jansky 1905-1950 Discovered radio waves in space
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Reber- 1911- Built the first radio telescope Collects radio waves from space Can be used at anytime or weather
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VLA in New Mexico
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ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS
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OPTICAL TELESCOPES 1. REFRACTING TELESCOPE **uses lenses to bend light to a focus point person
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2. Reflecting Telescope –Uses mirrors –Concave mirror reflects light to a flat mirror –Ex. Hubble Space Telescope Hale telescope
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Spectroscope Attaches to an optical telescope –Analyzes light from the stars Bright line spectrum
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Separates visible light by its different wavelengths Each element is then identified by its own spectrum Shows direction, movement and composition Spectrum___
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All radiant energy that travels the speed of light in waves Electromagnetic Spectrum shortestlongest Infrared Ultraviolet ^
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Longest to shortest wavelength
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DOPPLER EFFECT **THE APPARENT SHIFT IN WAVELENGTH DUE TO A MOVING OBJECT Red shift- moving away Blue shift- moving toward
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E. Life Cycle Of Stars STEP 1. Begins as a nebula- a cloud of dust and gas.
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STEP 2. Protostar - gravity forms a ball- shaped pocket and temperature increases.
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STEP 3. Nuclear fusion 4 hydrogen fuse to make helium plus energy Occurs in the core Must be 10 mil –degrees C
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STEP 4. Main Sequence Star Must have enough mass to have nuclear fusion for its energy
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STEP 5. RED GIANTS a) Size of giants depends on the initial mass b) Could be a super red giant like Betelgeuse
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STEP 6. Supernova or white dwarf a) white dwarf- small, hot, older star – 1. Ex. Sirius or the Sun b) supernova- gigantic explosion of a large mass star like Betelgeuse Chinese recorded one in 1054 AD
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Supernova Feb.24, 1987 170,000LY
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c)NEUTRON STAR 1. Extremely dense; like the mass of our sun into a 8 mi diameter
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d) Black hole- 1. An object so dense that not even light can escape its surface
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Pulsars- –a neutron star that spins rapidly and sends out radio waves Quasars- Very powerful source of energy most distant objects in space
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GALAXIES
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3 TYPES SPIRAL- 2-4 arms –EX. ANDROMEDA IRREGULAR – –EX. MAGELLANIC CLOUDS ELLIPTICAL
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