2. Kidney Function Tests

3. Contents: Kidney functions Functional units Renal diseases
Routine kidney function tests
Serum creatinine
Creatinine clearance
Serum Urea

4. Cross section of the Kidney

5. §  Regulation of acid base balance.
Kidney functions :
§           Regulation of water and electrolyte balance.
§          Regulation of acid base balance.
§          Regulation of arterial blood pressure.
§          Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals.
§          Hormonal Function : Secretion of erythropoietin and 1,25 DHCC.
§          Metabolic Function : site for gluconeogenesis.

6. Nephrons and Blood vessels

7. Functional units :
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney . Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.
The nephron is composed of glomerulus and renal tubules .
The nephron performs its function by ultra filtration at glomerulus and secretion and reabsorption at renal tubules.

8. Malpighian Corpuscle

9. Renal diseases : Many diseases affect renal function.
In some, several functions are affected.
In others, there is selective impairment of glomerular function or one or more tubular function .
Most types of renal diseases cause destruction of complete nephron.

10. Routine kidney function test include the measurement of :
- Serum creatinine.
- Creatinine clearance.
- Serum urea.
Both serum creatinine and creatinine clearance are used as kidney function tests to :
§    - Confirm the diagnosis of renal disease.
§   - Give an idea about the severity of the disease.
§    - Follow up the treatment.

11. Serum creatinine (55-120 mol/L in adult):
Creatinine is the end product of creatine catabolism .
98% of the body creatine is present in the muscles where it functions as store of high energy in the form of creatine phosphate.
About 1-2 % of total muscle creatine or creatine phosphate pool is converted daily to creatinine through the spontaneous, non enzymatic loss of water or phosphate.

12. Creatinine in the plasma is filtered freely at the glomerulus and secreted by renal tubules (10 % of urinary creatinine).
However, creatinine is not reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
Plasma creatinine is an endogenous substance not affected by diet.
Plasma creatinine remains fairly constant throughout adult life.

13. Creatinine clearance :
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) provides a useful index of the number of functioning glomeruli.
It gives an estimation of the degree of renal impairment by disease.

14. Accurate measurement of GRF by clearance tests requires determination of the concentration in plasma and urine of a substance that is:
§  •  Freely filtered at glomeruli.
§  • Neither reabsorbed nor secreted by tubules.
§ • Its concentration in plasma needs to remains constant throughout the period of urine collection.
§  • Better if the substance is present endogenously.
§  • Easily measured.

15. Creatinine meets most of these criteria.
Creatinine clearance is usually about 110 ml/min in the year old adults.
Therefore, it falls slowly but progressively to about 70 ml/min in individuals over 8o years of age.
In children, the GFR should be related to surface area, when this is done, results are similar to those found in young adults.

16. It could be calculated from the following equation:
Clearance is the volume of plasma cleared from the substance excreted in urine per minute.
It could be calculated from the following equation:
  Clearance (ml / min ) = U x V P
U = Concentration of creatinine in urine  mol /l
V = Volume of urine per min
P = Concentration of the substance in serum  mol /l

17. • Serum creatinine level is constant throughout adult life.
Serum creatinine is a better kidney function test than creatinine clearance because :
§ • Serum creatinine is more accurate.
• Serum creatinine level is constant
throughout adult life.

18. Creatinine clearance is only recommended in the following conditions:
§   • Patients with early ( minor ) renal disease.
§   • Assessment of possible kidney donors.
§   • Detection of renal toxicity of some nephrotoxic drugs.

19. Serum Urea ( mmol/L) in adult: Urea is formed in the liver from ammonia released from deamination of amino acids.
As a kidney function test, urea is inferior to serum creatinine because:
§  High protein diet increases urea formation.
§ Any condition of increased proteins catabolism (Cushing syndrome, diabetes mellitus, starvation, thyrotoxicosis ) will increase urea formation.
§  50 % or more of urea filtered at the glomerulus is passively reabsorbed by the renal tubules.

20. Estimation of Serum Creatinine:
 A common procedure for creatinine determination consists of reacting a protein free filtrate of plasma or serum with an alkaline picrate solution giving rise to a red colour (alkaline creatinine picrate) which is measured at 520 nm.
 Normal adult reference values:
i. Urinary excretion of creatinine is g per 24 hours in a normal adult varying according to muscular weight.
- Serum creatinine : 55 – 120 mol/L
- Creatinine clearance: ml/min/1.73 m2 (Males)
ml/min/1.73 m2 (Females)

21. شكرًا لحسن المتابعة

22. Liver Function Test Prof.Dr M. Abd elaziz, MD,PhD.
department of clinical pharmacy
Salman bin abdulaziz university

23. Liver Function Test Liver chemistry test
Clinical implication of abnormality
ALT
Hepatocellular damage
AST
Bilirubin
Cholestasis, impair conjugation, or biliary obstruction
ALP
Cholestasis, infiltrative disease, or biliary obstruction PT
Synthetic function
Albumin
GGT
Cholestasis or biliary obstruction
Bile acids
5`-nucleotidase
LDH
Hepatocellular damage, not specific
no single test provide accurate global assessment of hepatic function

24. Normal Laboratory Values
Abnormal
2 SD
mild elevation in 2.5% of normal population
normal range included a small subset of patients with subclinical liver disease
normal values = mean ± 2SD of normal population

25. Liver Function Test
interpretation must be performed within the context of the patient’s risk factors, symptoms, concomitant conditions, medications, and physical findings
rarely provide specific Dx, but rather suggest a general category of liver disease
differing laboratories  differing normal values

26. Liver Function Test Mild (times) Moderate Marked AST <2-3 2-3 to 20
>20
ALT
ALP
<1.5-2
1.5-2 to 5
>5
GGT
2-3 to 10
>10

27. CBC Platelets: For Blood Clotting
Platelet Count: Platelets are a part of the blood that is needed for clotting. They travel to the site of an injury where they "stick" to the injured site and help develop a clot or scab to stop the bleeding. A normal platelet count is 150, ,000. Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can be caused by HIV infection itself or by certain drugs. Although a platelet count below 150,000 is considered low, most people are not at risk of internal bleeding with counts of 50,000 or even lower. However, because platelets are necessary for blood clotting, the chance of major bleeding rises as the platelet count drops. If your platelet count is low, your doctor may want to change your treatment, or may teach you special precautions to prevent bleeding, like using a soft toothbrush or electric razor

28. Thank You