1. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 1 The Auroral Acceleration Region: Lessons from FAST, Questions for Cluster Robert J. Strangeway Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California, Los Angeles

2. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 2 Outline Overview of our understanding of M-I coupling from a FAST perspective Force balance and field-aligned currents (FACs)  Magnetosphere – MHD force balance  Vorticity and Alfvén waves  Ionosphere – vorticity again Auroral Acceleration Region  The three types of aurora FAST-THEMIS – Substorm current wedge  Substorm current wedge consists of multiple FACs  Flow channel between FACs may be westward traveling surge Cluster-THEMIS – possible conjunction April 7, 2009

3. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 3 MHD Force Balance – Lorentz Force

4. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 4 Field-Aligned Currents – Magnetosphere Plasma momentum equation – force balance – leads to a fundamental source of field-aligned currents Following Hasegawa and Sato [1979], and D. Murr, Ph. D. Thesis “Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling on Meso- and Macro-Scales,” 2003: Assumptions: j = 0, E + U x B = 0 j = 0 implies that displacement current can be neglected E + U x B = 0 only enters through the vorticity terms  Vasyliunas’ pressure gradient term  Inertial term  Vorticity dependent terms (  U )

5. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 5 Vorticity – Alfvén Wave If we assume in the general FAC equation that field-aligned vorticity is the dominant term and linearize, then: From curl of Faraday’s law and Ampere’s law: Frozen-in condition: Parallel component:

6. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 6 Field-Aligned Currents – Ionosphere Lorentz force moves plasma against frictional drag Taking curl: FACsmallvorticityconductivity gradients Strong relationship between field-aligned vorticity and field-aligned currents In ionosphere relationship depends on conductivity – impedance mismatch Parallel to B

7. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 7 Ionospheric Current Closure Iijima & Potemra [1978] published maps of the currents flowing into and out of the ionosphere Higher latitude currents are called “Region 1” Lower latitude currents are “Region 2” Ionospheric Pedersen closure currents (red) provide the Lorentz force that moves plasma (and magnetic flux) over the polar cap, and returns flux at lower latitudes

8. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 8 Auroral Acceleration Region Electron Energy Electron Pitch Angle Ion Pitch Angle Ion Energy Magnetic Field Arrows show FAC Electrons carry FACs Magnetic field deviations correspond to ionospheric flows

9. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 9 Implied Flow Pattern Delta-B’s are projected to the ionosphere Delta-B’s correspond to bending of field lines, pulling ionosphere through atmosphere In the northern hemisphere flows are anti-parallel to the delta-B’s

10. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 10 FAST Observations – Three Types of Aurora Auroral zone crossing shows: Inverted-V electrons (upward current) Return current (downward current) Boundary layer electrons

11. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 11 Upward Current

12. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 12 Downward Current

13. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 13 Polar Cap Boundary

14. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 14 Haerendel [2008] – Current Transformers Modified version of Cowling conductivity Some Issues – S p,out = j H E i, balanced by excess Hall current in direction of auroral electrojet (AEJ) and enhanced S p,in, no net change AEJ is assumed to be a Pedersen current But I agree with the idea that Hall currents and conductivity gradients can result in additional FACs – part of the feedback process Haerendel has also emphasized the “fracture” zone associated with parallel potentials Note: j || in this sketch are secondary FACs (!)

15. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 15 Substorm Current Wedge – FAST/THEMIS Substorm current wedge and partial ring current [Sergeev et al., 1996]

16. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 16 Westward Traveling Surge Akasofu [1964] Marklund et al. [1998], Freja data

17. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 17 FAC Structure in the Bulge Hoffman et al. [1994] – DE-2 Observations Where are the substorm current wedge currents?

18. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 18 March 23, 2007 Substorm FAST and THEMIS in same local time sector ~ 21 MLT THEMIS footprint in the south FAST footprint in the north THE (P4) THA (P5) THB (P1) THD (P3) THC (P2) FAST -x z

19. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 19 FAST Observations Westward flow channel Inverted-V electrons carry upward current Low energy electrons carry downward current Net current upward, away from ionosphere

20. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 20 MHD FAC and Precipitation

21. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 21 THEMIS Observations Green trace shows westward component Two FACs, with net positive change Equator To Earth dB s/c Balanced currents, s/c can cross in either direction LHS consistent with FAST, and movement of plasmasheet over the s/c – net outward FAC Unbalanced currents, s/c direction matters

22. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 22 WTS and Substorm Current Wedge THEMIS observed pair of field-aligned currents, with net current out of the ionosphere, resulting in dipolarization – western leg of substorm current wedge FAST observed pair of FACs and a flow channel. Dominant signature, but there is a small net outward current MHD simulations show that the paired FACs are also associated with a rapid westward motion of the region of electron precipitation, is this the WTS? Implication: The upward current for the substorm current wedge is not a single FAC, but is more complex (See also Hoffman et al. [1994])

23. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 23 Another WTS Example Electron Energy > 30 keV Upgoing electrons Change in plasmasheet ion energy flux, boundary? Peak in magnetic field perturbation Polar capEastward flow W’ward flow Eastward flow Strong downward current Low latitude eastward flow, note FAC at low latitude edge What drives this flow?

24. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 24 Feb 16, 2006 Pi2 Data

25. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 25 Cluster Results – Temporal Evolution Marklund et al. [Nature, 414, 724-727, 2001] present Cluster results showing temporal evolution of downward current region Top panel shows electric field – Bipolar structure that grows and then decays away, width constant Bottom panel shows downward current density – Peak of current density co- located with electric field reversal, but current widens as a function of time How does this evolve in the ionosphere? What happens in the magnetosphere?

26. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 26 Cluster-THEMIS Conjunction April 7, 2009, 05:05 UT THEMIS-A, -D, -E ~ 22 LT, near apogee Cluster-1, -2, -4 near perigee, roughly same local time sector Possible conjunction

27. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 27 THEMIS overview, April 7, 2009 Psuedo-AE Athabasca Keogram Magnetic Field (GSE coords) Flow velocity, blue positive sunward Ions (ESA + SST) THEMIS sees an activation signature around 05:05 UT Electrons (ESA + SST)

28. Thursday, May 14, 2009Cluster Workshop – UppsalaR. J. Strangeway – 28 Summary Multi-platform studies are essential in understanding the role of field-aligned currents and the auroral acceleration region in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling Lessons from FAST:  Aurora come in a variety of forms – probably a signature of different stages of the M-I coupling process  Understanding the substorm current wedge and westward traveling surge benefits from a combination of multi-platform observations and simulations Questions for Cluster  Cluster may be able to take on the role of FAST in M-I coupling studies  Candidate conjunction event April 7, 2009