2.  _________: government by an absolute ruler, dictator, king, or tyrant (usually cruel and oppressive).

3.  Despotism: government by an absolute ruler, dictator, king, or tyrant (usually cruel and oppressive).

4.  ____________: the branch of theology concerned with defending Christianity as a reasonable faith.

5.  Apologetics: the branch of theology concerned with defending Christianity as a reasonable faith.

6.  ______: one who believes that God exists and that He created the world, but now stands completely aloof from it.

7.  Deist: one who believes that God exists and that He created the world, but now stands completely aloof from it.

8.  ________: one who believes that the evidence for and against the existence of God is inconclusive. (agnosticism)

9.  Agnostic: one who believes that the evidence for and against the existence of God is inconclusive. (agnosticism)

10.  _______________(Marxist philosophy): “thesis and antithesis in conflict bring about synthesis.”

11.  Dialectical materialism (Marxist philosophy): “thesis and antithesis in conflict bring about synthesis.”

12.  ___________: a religious worldview as outlined in ten categories (including theology, philosophy, biology, economics) in Understanding the Times. Its major tenet includes atheism, dialectical materialism, and socialism.

13.  Communism: a religious worldview as outlined in ten categories (including theology, philosophy, biology, economics) in Understanding the Times. Its major tenet includes atheism, dialectical materialism, and socialism.

14.  __________: an outlook or policy which is worldwide in scope (possible result would be higher regard for worldwide issues than for national issues). Sometimes a euphemism for world government

15.  Globalism: an outlook or policy which is worldwide in scope (possible result would be higher regard for worldwide issues than for national issues). Sometimes a euphemism for world government

16.  ______________: a philosophic cult of nihilism and pessimism: it holds that each man exists as an individual in a purposeless universe, and he must oppose his hostile environment through the exercise of his free will. Feelings become the standard of human truth.

17.  Existentialism: a philosophic cult of nihilism and pessimism: it holds that each man exists as an individual in a purposeless universe, and he must oppose his hostile environment through the exercise of his free will. Feelings become the standard of human truth.

18.  ___________________: the belief that no absolute moral code exists, and therefore man must adjust his ethical standards in each situation according to his own judgment (see also moral relativism).

19.  Ethical relativism: the belief that no absolute moral code exists, and therefore man must adjust his ethical standards in each situation according to his own judgment (see also moral relativism).

20.  _____________: the study or theory of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of knowledge (study of knowledge).

21.  Epistemology: the study or theory of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of knowledge (study of knowledge).

22.  _______: system or code of morals of a particular religion, group, or profession.

23.  Ethics: system or code of morals of a particular religion, group, or profession.

24.  _______________: the belief that right and wrong are unchanging, not determined by the individual or the culture; revealed by God through both General Revelation and Special Revelation.

25.  Moral absolutism: the belief that right and wrong are unchanging, not determined by the individual or the culture; revealed by God through both General Revelation and Special Revelation.

26.  ________: a philosophy that denies the existence of any basis for knowledge or truth, and results in an inability to ascribe meaning to any aspect of reality.

27.  Nihilism: a philosophy that denies the existence of any basis for knowledge or truth, and results in an inability to ascribe meaning to any aspect of reality.

28.  ___________: the doctrine that matter is the only reality, and that everything in the universe, including thought, will, and feeling, can be explained only in terms of the physical. Basically synonymous with naturalism.

29.  Materialism: the doctrine that matter is the only reality, and that everything in the universe, including thought, will, and feeling, can be explained only in terms of the physical. Basically synonymous with naturalism.

30.  ________________: the belief that right and wrong (ethics) are arbitrary and transitory, determined by the individual or the culture.

31.  Moral relativism: the belief that right and wrong (ethics) are arbitrary and transitory, determined by the individual or the culture.

32.  ___________: laws both physical and moral found in general revelation.

33.  Natural law: laws both physical and moral found in general revelation.

35.  ________: the industrial "propertyless" working class; in Marxism, the exploited class that is destined to subjugate and destroy the bourgeoisie.

36.  Proletariat: the industrial "propertyless" working class; in Marxism, the exploited class that is destined to subjugate and destroy the bourgeoisie.

37.  _______: Cosmic Humanist theology; meaning God is everything and everything is God; hence, the universe is self-existing.

38.  Pantheism: Cosmic Humanist theology; meaning God is everything and everything is God; hence, the universe is self-existing.

39.  ________: literally the love of wisdom or knowledge; a study of the processes governing thought and conduct and ultimate reality.

40.  Philosophy: literally the love of wisdom or knowledge; a study of the processes governing thought and conduct and ultimate reality.

41.  In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians not to be taken ______________by vain or deceptive philosophies.

42.  In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians not to be taken captive by vain or deceptive philosophies. In Colossians 2:8, Paul warns the Colossians not to be taken captive by vain or deceptive philosophies.

43.  In 2 Corinthians 10:3-5, Paul informs the Corinthians that Christians should demolish _______________________________________set up against the knowledge of God.

44.  In 2 Corinthians 10:3-5, Paul informs the Corinthians that Christians should demolish strongholds [or arguments or pretensions] set up against the knowledge of God.

45.  In 2 Timothy 2:22-26, Paul instructs Timothy to teach the _______________to others that have been taken captive. The hope is that they will be set free.

46.  In 2 Timothy 2:22-26, Paul instructs Timothy to teach the truth to others that have been taken captive. The hope is that they will be set free.

47.  What is a worldview?

48.  A worldview is a way of ________or ____________the whole world. It is an interpretive ___________or something you look through when interpreting reality. A worldview is the perspective through which you ___________and approach ____and the world. Everyone has a worldview—a way in which you see and interpret the world.

49.  A worldview is a way of viewing or interpreting the whole world. It is an interpretive framework or something you look through when interpreting reality. A worldview is the perspective through which you understand and approach life and the world. Everyone has a worldview—a way in which you see and interpret the world.

50.  What are some fundamental questions a worldview answers?

51.  A worldview answers such fundamental questions as:  How did we ________?  Why are we here?  What is the _________or _________of life?  Is there a difference between ______and ______?  Is there _______?  Are humans just highly evolved animals?

52.  A worldview answers such fundamental questions as:  How did we get here?  Why are we here?  What is the meaning or purpose of life?  Is there a difference between right and wrong?  Is there a God?  Are humans just highly evolved animals?

53.  How is a worldview like a pair of eyeglasses? How is a worldview like a tree?

54.  Eyeglasses—If your prescription is not correct, what you see through your glasses will be ________. Without the proper prescription, glasses will not help you see the world; rather, they will keep you from seeing the world as it truly is.   Tree—Like the roots of a tree, a worldview is essential to life and stability. Just like the roots of a tree, ___ _____ _____ someone’s worldview, we only see the exposed part of the tree—their _______.

55.  “What does a text mean to me?” is the key question when reading and interpreting the Bible. 

56.  Eyeglasses—If your prescription is not correct, what you see through your glasses will be distorted. Without the proper prescription, glasses will not help you see the world; rather, they will keep you from seeing the world as it truly is.   Tree—Like the roots of a tree, a worldview is essential to life and stability. Just like the roots of a tree, we do not see someone’s worldview, we only see the exposed part of the tree—their actions.

57.  “What does a text mean to me?” is the key question when reading and interpreting the Bible.

58.  False

59.  The classical view of meaning is that a text is a mirror by which readers generate meaning. 

60.  False

61.  Meanings are communicated through genres. 

62.  True

63.  If God had not placed the words of Scripture within genres, we wouldn’t understand Scripture. 

64.  True

65.  A Bible verse is simply a part of a paragraph and develops some aspect of the paragraph’s big idea. 

66.  True

67.  We must know what biblical passages mean before we can apply their meaning to our lives. 

68.  True

69.  We must know the Bible’s information before we can experience the Bible’s transformation. 

70.  True

71.  A) Naturalism  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Christianity

72.  C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason 

73.  A) Naturalism  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Islam

74.  C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason 

75.  A) Naturalism  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Secular Humanism

76.  A) Naturalism

77.  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Marxism-Leninism

78.  E) Dialectical Materialism

79.  A) Naturalism  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Cosmic Humanism

80.  B) Non-naturalism

81.  A) Naturalism  B) Non-naturalism  C) Supernaturalism  D) Anti-realism  E) Dialectical Materialism  F) Common Sense Realism  G) Faith and Reason  H) Deconstruction  _____Postmodernism

82.  D) Anti-realism and H) Deconstruction

83.  ________________ is the study of the structure, origin, and design of the universe

84.  Cosmology is the study of the structure, origin, and design of the universe

85.  ______________ is the belief that there is a “real world” independent of human subjects

86.  Realism is the belief that there is a “real world” independent of human subjects

87.  _________________ is the study of knowledge

88.  Epistemology is the study of knowledge

89.  _________________ is the study of ultimate reality

90.  Metaphysics is the study of ultimate reality

91.  _______________________ is the study of the relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness) to the physical body

92.  Mind/Body Problem is the study of the relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness) to the physical body

93.  _______________ is the study of existence and being

94.  Ontology is the study of existence and being

95.  ____________________ A means of textual criticism that considers a text open to interpretation and laden with hidden bias, assumptions, and prejudices

96.  Deconstruction A means of textual criticism that considers a text open to interpretation and laden with hidden bias, assumptions, and prejudices

97.  How does the naturalist’s “monistic” view of the mind and body differ from the Christian’s “dualistic” view?

98.  For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of _______ and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed ______ matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and ________(the soul).

100.  For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed ______ matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and ________(the soul).

101.  For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed before matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and ________(the soul).

102.  For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed before matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both physical (the brain) and ________(the soul).

103.  For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed before matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both physical (the brain) and spiritual (the soul).

104.  First, a monistic view of the mind implies that mankind is not immortal and that there is nothing supernatural in our makeup that survives death (no life after death).  Second, this viewpoint implies that we should not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a brain produced by evolution, since a “better _________ of mind could occur any day.”

105.  First, a monistic view of the mind implies that mankind is not immortal and that there is nothing supernatural in our makeup that survives death (no life after death).  Second, this viewpoint implies that we should not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a brain produced by evolution, since a “better mutation of mind could occur any day.”

106.  What is the Marxist dialectic and how does it work?

107.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (______) is eventually opposed by another idea (________). Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (________), which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.

108.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (________). Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (________), which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.

109.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (antithesis) Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (________), which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.

110.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (antithesis) Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (synthesis) which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.

111.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (antithesis) Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (synthesis) which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly changing—nothing is ever _______.

112.  The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces: Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (antithesis) Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (synthesis) which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete. This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis... and so forth without end.  The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly changing—nothing is ever certain.

113.  What is the “correspondence theory” of truth? Why do Postmodernists reject this theory?

114.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it ___________ to ______.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory known as ____________).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of ________.

115.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it corresponds to ______.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory known as ____________).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of ________.

116.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “_____________” (a theory known as ____________).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of ________.

117.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory known as ____________).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of ________.

118.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory known as anti-realism).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of ________.

119.  The “correspondence theory” of truth states that a proposition is true only if it corresponds to reality.  Postmodernists claim that this kind of Truth is impossible to achieve because there is no “way things are”(a theory known as anti-realism).  Therefore, there is no objective reality for propositions to correspond to, only personal, small “t” truths and their resulting constructions of reality.  Our words only correspond to other words and, in the end, create our understanding of reality. Since words only signify other words, then words can never be used in the pursuit of Truth.

120.  How can we historically divide the pre- modern, modern, and postmodern periods? How did each period view truth?

121.  Roughly speaking, the Western world can be divided into three different time frames:  ______________ (< to ____) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc.  Authority and knowledge rested with those in power, like the clergy and the monarchy.  Truth, while found in both our faculties and experience, was predominantly discovered through __________.

122.  Roughly speaking, the Western world can be divided into three different time frames:  Pre-Modernism (< to ____) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc.  Authority and knowledge rested with those in power, like the clergy and the monarchy.  Truth, while found in both our faculties and experience, was predominantly discovered through __________.

123.  Roughly speaking, the Western world can be divided into three different time frames:  Pre-Modernism (< to 1600) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc.  Authority and knowledge rested with those in power, like the clergy and the monarchy.  Truth, while found in both our faculties and experience, was predominantly discovered through __________.

124.  Roughly speaking, the Western world can be divided into three different time frames:  Pre-Modernism (< to 1600) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc.  Authority and knowledge rested with those in power, like the clergy and the monarchy.  Truth, while found in both our faculties and experience, was predominantly discovered through Revelation.

125.  _________ (_____to _____) was much more skeptical of the supernatural.  Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—scholars, scientists, etc.  Human knowledge was believed to be the source of progress and the means to a better understanding of reality.  Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through _______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).

126.  Modernism (_____to _____) was much more skeptical of the supernatural.  Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—scholars, scientists, etc.  Human knowledge was believed to be the source of progress and the means to a better understanding of reality.  Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through _______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).

127.  Modernism (1600 to 1960) was much more skeptical of the supernatural.  Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—scholars, scientists, etc.  Human knowledge was believed to be the source of progress and the means to a better understanding of reality.  Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through _______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).

128.  Modernism (1600 to 1900) was much more skeptical of the supernatural.  Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—scholars, scientists, etc.  Human knowledge was believed to be the source of progress and the means to a better understanding of reality.  Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through human faculties (i.e. reason and the five senses).

129.  _____________ (_____to _____) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War).  Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be realized.  Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

130.  Postmodernism (_____to _____) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War).  Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be realized.  Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

131.  Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War).  Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be realized.  Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

132.  Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War).  Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be realized.  Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is predominantly attained through human experience and _________.

133.  Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War).  Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be realized.  Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is predominantly attained through human experience and community.

134. ➲ Developed the Hierarchy of needs pyramid used in Third Force Psychology ➲ I van Pavlov ➲ Sigmund Freud ➲ J.B. Watson ➲ Abraham Maslow

136. ➲ Extended behaviorism to humans with his “Little Albert” experiment ➲ I van Pavlov ➲ Sigmund Freud ➲ J.B. Watson ➲ Abraham Maslow

137. ➲ J.B. Watson

138. ➲ Famous for founding behaviorism with his experiments with salivating dogs ➲ I van Pavlov

139. ➲ Founded Psychoanalysis with its emphasis on the unconscious mind ➲ Sigmund Freud

140. ➲ Secular Humanists believe mankind is innately (good/bad).

141. ➲ good

142. ➲ According to secular humanists, _________ is responsible for the evil of mankind.

143. ➲ According to secular humanists, society is responsible for the evil of mankind.

144. ➲ T/F Secular Humanists believe a self-centered attitude is crucial for mental the mental health of the individual.

145. ➲ True

146. ➲ T/F Secular Humanists also believe society must be restructured based on this self-centered attitude.

147. ➲ True

148.  Marxists believe free will is crucial because their struggle against the bourgeoisie must be a ____________________ struggle.

149.  Marxists believe free will is crucial because their struggle against the bourgeoisie must be a conscious struggle.

150. ➲ Therefore they modify Pavlov’s theories. They believe in a second signal. What is the second signal Marxists believe enables man to have free will. ___________________ ➲

151. ➲ Therefore they modify Pavlov’s theories. They believe in a second signal. What is the second signal Marxists believe enables man to have free will. ➲ speech ➲

152. ➲ According to the Marxist what is major problem in society? ___________.

153. ➲ According to the Marxist what is major problem in society? Capitalism.