1. Colonial America Unit 2 (1607-1754) Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.

2. England ► Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power ► Population increases ► Joint-stock companies develop ► Religious conflicts divide the nation ► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

3. English Colonies ► Charters ► Corporate Colony  Granted a charter to stockholders  Ex. Virginia ► Royal Colony  Under direct control of the monarch  Ex. New Hampshire  Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts ► Proprietary Colony  Granted a charter to individual or group  Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania

4. The First English Colonies ► ► First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585  FAILED ► ► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607   John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”   John Rolfe – tobacco

5. Who is this?

6. Oh yeah…Pocahontas

7. Disney’s John Smith

8. Hollywood’s John Smith

9. This is John Smith.

10. Jamestown, Virginia ► Early Problems  Location in swampy area led to dysentery and malaria  Gentleman unaccustomed to physical work – gold seekers who refused to farm  Original trade with Natives, but soon turned to conflict  Starvation – “work or die” ethic of John Smith  Profited off of tobacco introduced by John Rolfe ► Transition to a Royal Colony (1624)  Colony very unstable  Became the 1 st royal colony in 1624

11. Pilgrims ► Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ► Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth (1620)

12. The Mayflower (II)

13. Look, a big rock.

15. The Plymouth Colony ► Early Hardships  Half of the Pilgrims died during that first winter  Helped by the Wampanoag Indians to adapt to the land, and celebrated the good harvest with a thanksgiving feast in 1621  Flourished under strong leadership of Governor William Bradford and others  Economy based on fish, furs, and lumber

16. Plymouth Colony

17. Wampanoag Dwelling

18. Massachusetts Bay ► Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)  Wanted to “purify” the Church of England  Led by John Winthrop, 1,000 Puritans set sail for Massachusetts ► Established present-day Boston  Believed the colony to be a “city upon a hill”

19. Massachusetts Bay “For we must consider that we shall be a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us…” – John Winthrop

20. Early Political Institutions ► Representation in Virginia  Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) – first representative government in America

21. Early Political Institutions ► Representation in New England  Plymouth ► Mayflower Compact (1620) – first self- government in America; agreed to the will of the majority; drafted by the Pilgrims  Massachusetts Bay ► All freemen (male members of the Puritan Church) could participate in yearly elections of the colony’s governor and representative assembly

23. Limits to Colonial Democracy ► Only male property owners could vote for representatives ► Autocratic government ► Democratic ideals developed, yet slavery and mistreatment of the Natives still existed

24. The Chesapeake Colonies ► Virginia ► Jamestown, 1607 ► Became a royal colony in 1624 ► Maryland (1632) ► Created when King Charles I subdivided Virginia ► Given to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) for his loyalty to the crown ► Act of Toleration (1649) ► Granted religious freedom to all Christians ► Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus ► Protestant Revolt ► Protestants revolted against Catholics, and repealed Act of Toleration in 1660s

25. Labor Shortages ► Indentured servants ► Passage paid to the colony in exchange for years (usually 4-7) of labor ► Provided temporary labor ► Headright System ► 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant ► Slavery ► Dutch ship brought 1 st Africans to Virginia in 1619 ► Most colonists were too poor to buy slaves, and only 400 African laborers were in VA by 1650 ► Economic problems ► Low tobacco prices in the 1660s because of overproduction (think supply and demand) brought hard times to the Chesapeake colonies

26. Conflict in Virginia ► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)  Caused by inequities between large landowners and western farmers (protection from Indian attacks)  Nathanial Bacon led a group of farmers on Indian raids throughout Virginia  Bacon died of dysentery, the rebellion fell apart, and Governor Berkeley had 23 rebels executed ► Lasting Problems ► Class distinctions between wealthy planters and poor farmers ► Colonial resistance to royal control

27. New England ► Rhode Island (1636)  Roger Williams was banished from Mass. Bay and established Providence, RI in 1636 ► Recognized rights of Indians and paid them for use of their land; allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to practice freely (religious toleration)  Anne Hutchinson was banished from Mass. Bay for dissention, and founded Portsmouth, RI in 1638 ► She migrated to Long Island, NY a few years later, and was killed in an Indian attack

28. New England ► Connecticut  Thomas Hooker left Mass. Bay and founded Hartford in 1636  Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – 1 st written constitution in American history; established a representative government  New Haven was established in 1637; joined with Hartford in 1665 to form Connecticut ► New Hampshire  Founded by John Mason in 1629;  Became part of Mass. Bay before being separated by King Charles II in 1679

29. New England and Religion ► Puritanical lifestyle in Massachusetts ► Religious toleration and dissent Rhode Island  Roger Williams and “wall of separation”  Anne Hutchinson and Antinomianism ► Halfway Covenant (1662)  Attempt to increase members ► Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)  185 accused ► 141 women; 44 men  19 executed ► 14 women; 5 men

30. New England Politics ► Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)  First written constitution in America ► Relations with Natives  New England Confederation (1643-1684) ► Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven ► King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)  New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance

31. Middle Colonies ► Development  New York ► New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664  New Jersey (1702)  Pennsylvania settled by Quakers  Delaware (1702) ► Economics  Develop wheat and corn farms ► “Bread basket” of the colonies  Eventually into manufacturing and trade

32. Pennsylvania ► William Penn (1681) ► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ► Holy Experiment  Religious refuge  Liberal political ideals  Economic success  Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

33. Southern Colonies ► Maryland (1634)  Lord Baltimore  Act of Toleration (1649) ► Virginia (1607) ► Carolinas (1663)  North Carolina (1729) ► Tobacco  South Carolina (1729) ► Rice and indigo ► Georgia (1732)  James Oglethorpe

34. Georgia ► James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732  Social experiment ► Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida ► Debtors colony

35. Thirteen Colonies

36. Colonial Religion ► Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration ► Protestant dominant  Anglican Church  Congregationalist  Presbyterian  Lutheran  Catholic ► The (First) Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)  Jonathan Edwards ► “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”  George Whitefield  Evangelism  Baptists and Methodists

37. Colonial Religion

38. Colonial Politics ► ► Limited Self-Government   Elected bicameral legislative assemblies   Governors   Local governments ► ► Voting   Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners ► ► Freedom of Expression   John Peter Zenger Case (1735)

39. Dominion of New England (1686-1689) ► ► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies ► ► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey ► ► Governor Edmund Andros ► ► Dissolution

40. Colonial Society And Colonial Culture ► ► American Social Structure   Wealthy landowners   Merchants   Small farmers   Craftspeople   Slaves   Regional differences ► ► Opportunity   Less dependent on heredity ► ► Gender Roles   Men ► ► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers   Women ► ► Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights ► ► Becoming American   Pragmatism ► ► Dominance of English culture ► ► Folkways   Regional differences

41. Colonial Culture - The Arts ► ► Architecture   Early colonies centered around a church   Urban structures typical of English structures   Frontier log cabins ► ► Literature   Newspapers   Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books   Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

42. Colonial Culture - Education ► ► Limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores ► ► Higher Education   Most established for ministry/theological studies ► ► New England Colonies  Education by mothers  Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; over 100 families, required grammar schools ► ► Middle Colonies   Private and church education ► ► Southern Colonies   Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

43. Settlement and Migration ► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 ► Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate ► Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil ► English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS ► Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

46. SAQ #1 A. Briefly explain the point of view expressed through the image about ONE of the following: Europeans, American Indians. B. Briefly explain one outcome of European arrival on the Atlantic World. C. Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from European arrival in the Atlantic World.

47. Colonial Slavery ► Indentured servitude ► Why Slaves?  Increased wages in England  Labor shortages lead to importing slaves  Cheap labor  Dependable work force ► Slave Rebellions and Reactions  Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion (1739)  New York “Conspiracy” (1741)  Slave laws

48. Colonial Slavery ► ► The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two Minutes (Click here to view)here   315 years. 20,528 voyages. Millions of lives.

49. Slave Demographics

50. Colonial Economics ► Mercantilism  Colonies for the “Mother Country” ► Acts of Navigation  Trade on English ships  Imports pass English ports  Exports to England ► Molasses Act (1733) ► Triangular Trade  Middle Passage

51. Colonial Economics ► Money  Commodity money (gold/silver)  Fiat money (paper currency) ► Transportation  Rivers and coasts  Horse and carriage  Taverns and postal services ► New England  Shipbuilding and manufacturing  Lumber  Fishing and whaling  Merchants/Trade ► Middle Colonies  Wheat and corn  Lumber  Manufacturing  Merchants/Trade ► Southern Colonies  Plantation systems ► Tobacco, rice, indigo  Forced labor ► Indentured servants and slaves

52. PUROPOSEDATEFOUNDERMAJOR EXPORT VIRGINIAcommercial1607Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber NEW YORKcommercial1613 (1664)Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain NEW HAMPSHIREcommercial1623John MasonTimber, naval stores RHODE ISLANDReligious refuge1636Roger WilliamsGrain CONNECTICUTexpansion1635Thomas HookerGrain PENNSYLVANIAReligious refuge1681William Penn - Quakers Grain DELAWAREcommercial1638 (1681)Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain MARYLANDReligious refuge1634Lord Baltimore - Catholics Tobacco NORTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperTobacco, timber, naval stores SOUTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperRice, indigo, naval stores GEORGIABuffer, experiment1733James OglethorpeRice, timber, naval stores () - Becomes an English colony