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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
The Mercantilist System Theory of Mercantilism Navigation Acts of 1651
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
The Conquest of New Netherland English restoration – 1660 Royal African Company Doubled English colonies Conquest of New Netherland
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen Continuation of property and religious rights Eliminated some rights of women Discrimination against free blacks
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
New York and the Indians Sir Edmund Andros and the Iroquois Confederation Expansion of Iroquois and English power
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
The Charter of Liberties 1683 – Duke of York called elected assembly Charter of Liberties and Privileges Affirmed English religious and political rights
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Map 3.1 Eastern North America in the seventeenth
and early-eighteenth centuries Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
The Founding of Carolina Buffer against Spain Wealthy plantation owners of Barbados Trade with local Indians Indian slave trade
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
The Holy Experiment William Penn Society of Friends Religious toleration and spiritual freedom Elected assembly with broad suffrage
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Quaker Liberty The Quaker principles Equality of all person Encouraged immigration from Europe Peace with Indians 1682 – Charter of Liberty
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Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Land in Pennsylvania Assembly elected by male taxpayers and freemen Land distribution Bought from the Indians Penn owned all land Sold it at low prizes
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An early eighteenth-century engraving
depicts William Penn welcoming a German immigrant on the dock in Philadelphia. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Origins of American Slavery
Focus Question: How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?
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Origins of American Slavery
Englishmen and Africans Growing dependence on African slavery Not protected under English common law People considered as uncivilized Africans, Native Americans and Irish
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Origins of American Slavery
Slavery in History Greece and Rome Existed in the Mediterranean and Africa in the 17th century Not based on plantation slavery
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Origins of American Slavery
Slavery in the West Indies Major business in the 17th century Developed in Brazil Based on sugar Transformed colonies in the West Indies Grew slowly in North America
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Cutting Sugar Cane, an engraving from Ten Views in Antigua
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Origins of American Slavery
Slavery and the Law Spain – various rights for slaves Virginia Slave Laws Barred them from serving in the militia Possibility to acquire land and slaves/indentured servants
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Operation of a Sugar Mill
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Origins of American Slavery
The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery 1660’s laws explicitly referred to slavery Tobacco increased labor demand 1680 – racial differences reflected in colonial laws Children have legal status of the mother
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In this scene depicted on an English handkerchief,
male and female slaves work in the tobacco fields. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Origins of American Slavery
Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia Shift to slave labor 1676 – outrage over limitation in land and voting rights Governor William Berkley
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Sir William Berkeley, governor of colonial Virginia
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company Sir William Berkeley, governor of colonial Virginia
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Origins of American Slavery
The End of the Rebellion, and its Consequences Led by Nathaniel Bacon Burned Jamestown Plundered plantations Reinforced property qualifications Reduced taxes, opened Indian land
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Origins of American Slavery
A Slave Society – blacks increased from 10 to 50% of colonial population New slave code White supremacy in law Beginning of “slave society”
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Origins of American Slavery
Notions of Freedom Limitation of freedom for Africans Familiarity with culture and language Slave able to contest their conditions
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Colonies in Crisis Focus Question:
What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?
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Colonies in Crisis The Glorious Revolution, 1688
Parliament invited William of Orange and Mary Took the throne Established Bill of Rights Trial by Jury Parliamentary control over taxation
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Colonies in Crisis The Glorious Revolution in America
Charles II revoked Massachusetts charter 1688 – James II combined the Northern Colonies Dominion of New England Sir Edmund Andros
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Colonies in Crisis The Maryland Uprising Protestant rebellion
Overthrew government of Lord Baltimore Revoked old, Catholic charter New, Protestant-dominated government
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Colonies in Crisis Leisler’s Rebellion Unsuccessful
Divided colony on ethnic and economic lines Alienated Dutch and English merchants United against Leisler King William suppressed rebellion
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Colonies in Crisis Changes in New England
Massachusetts received new charter Royal colony Ended Puritan’s Bible Commonwealth
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Colonies in Crisis The Prosecution of Witches Punishable by hanging
Most accused were older women Violated gender norms Challenge to God’s will and stature of men
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Colonies in Crisis The Salem Witch Trials 1691 – Salem, Massachusetts
150 persons accused 19 men and women hanged Trials discredited the prosecution of witches
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The Growth of Colonial America
Focus Question: What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?
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The Growth of Colonial America
A Diverse Population Increase of population to 2.3 million in 1770 Increase of Africans and non-English migrants English migrants decreased
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The Growth of Colonial America
Attracting Settlers Fear of population drain Sent thousands of convicts to the tobacco fields Promoted non-English migration Scotch-Irish
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TABLE 3.1 Origins and Status of Migrants to
British North American colonies, 1700–1775 Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Map 3.2 European settlement and ethnic diversity on the
Atlantic coast of North America, 1760 Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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The Growth of Colonial America
The German Migration Over 100,000 immigrants Catholics and Protestant sects Fleeing persecution and worsening economic conditions Settled in frontier areas
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The Growth of Colonial America
Religious Diversity Ethnic groups lived and worship in homogenous communities Free worship of most religions Included Anglican, Congregational, Lutheran, Mennonites, Anabaptists, Presbyterians, Jews and Muslims
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View of Bethlehem, One of the Brethren’s Principal Settlements in Pennsylvania
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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The Growth of Colonial America
Indian Life in Transition Trading and using of European goods Allying and fighting in European Imperial wars Loss of native land
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The Growth of Colonial America
Regional Diversity Distinct regional economic and social order New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies
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William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
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The Growth of Colonial America
The Consumer Revolution Great Britain - Trader and producer of inexpensive consumer goods Increase use of books, metal cutlery, ceramic plates, and tea
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The Growth of Colonial America
Colonial Cities Colonies mostly rural Cities became centers of trade and exchange Philadelphia – 30,000 inhabitants
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The Growth of Colonial America
Colonial Artisans Included furniture maker, jewelers, silversmiths, weavers etc. Mostly served wealthier citizen Master artisans Journeymen and apprentices
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This piece of china made in England and exported to
New England celebrates the coronation of James II in 1685. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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The Growth of Colonial America
An Atlantic World Atlantic becomes highway, not barriers Exchange of ideas and goods Colonies benefited from membership in the British Empire
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Charles Town Harbor Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company Charles Town Harbor
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Social Classes in the Colonies
Focus Question: How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?
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Social Classes in the Colonies
The Colonial Elite Growing gap between rich and poor New England – merchant upper class South – planter aristocracy
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Social Classes in the Colonies
Anglicization Stronger connection to England than to other colonies Imitated fashion, architecture, and consumption
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A portrait of Elijah Boardman
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company A portrait of Elijah Boardman
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Social Classes in the Colonies
The South Carolina Aristocracy Wealthiest in the colonies Charleston America’s aristocrats Freedom = gentleman
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Carter’s Grove Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Social Classes in the Colonies
Poverty in the Colonies Fewer, free colonial Americans were poor Britain = ¼ to ½ required assistance Diminishing land and growth of wage labor Slaves - impoverished
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Social Classes in the Colonies
The Middle Ranks Most Americans members of the middle ranks Small farmers America = 2/3 owned land Britain = 3/5 owned no property Property represented freedom
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Social Classes in the Colonies
Women and the Household Economy Family center of economic life Farmer’s depended on women's work Women’s work increased, despite introduction of new consumer goods
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This portrait of the Cheney family illustrates the
high birthrate in America. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
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Social Classes in the Colonies
North America at Mid-Century Highly diverse society and culture Different colonial development Colonists experience partial freedom
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Review Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire
Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century? Origins of American Slavery Focus Question: How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world? Colonies in Crisis Focus Question: What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?
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Review The Growth of Colonial America Social Classes in the Colonies
Focus Question: What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies? Social Classes in the Colonies Focus Question: How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?
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