1. Using GIS to Assess Potential Abiotic Degradation of Chlorinated Ethenes Tim Glover and Theodore Parks MACTEC Engineering and Consulting Kennesaw, GA USA

2. Steps in the Evaluation Partition Areas Determine Scoring Method(s) Compile Data Generate Scores Display Scores Assess Potential(s)

3. Partition Areas Site broken into layers Soils Shallow groundwater Deep groundwater Then Existing sample points for each identified Representative areas assigned to each data point

5. Partition Areas Thiessen Polygons – First used by Descartes in 1644 in astronomy Described by Thiessen in 1911 for weather observations Known by many other names “Region of Influence” method Includes all areas closer to a data point than to any other data point

6. Thiessen Polygons Example Data points plotted Lines equidistant from closest points drawn Polygons generated from these line segments Value of data point is a “best” estimate for value anywhere in polygon

7. Thiessen Polygons Example Actual Soil sample locations

8. Determine Scoring Method(s) For chlorinated ethenes, at least two degradation modes: biotic and abiotic “Biotic” is caused or greatly facilitated by biological activity “Abiotic” does not need direct biological activity to proceed.

9. Biotic Scoring Method Industry Standard Weidermeier Protocol Weight of evidence method Varying positive points for “good” aspects Varying negative points for “bad” aspects The sum of points (positive and negative) is used to assess the potential

10. Some “Good” aspects Low dissolved oxygen Reducing conditions (negative ORP) Elevated bicarbonate and chloride Sufficient soil organic carbon Near-neutral pH Evidence of breakdown products

11. Some “Bad” Aspects The opposite of any “good” aspect Excessive sulfate Excessive nitrate Too cold

12. Biotic Scoring Ranges Evidence for anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated organics 0 to 5 - Inadequate evidence 6 to 14 - Limited evidence 15 to 20 - Adequate evidence More than 20 - Strong evidence

13. Abiotic Scoring Method No existing industry standard protocol Developed one modeled after biotic protocol Also weight of evidence Single point (+1) for “good” aspect Single point (-1) for “bad” aspect Final score is sum of points

14. Some “Good” Aspects Different aspects from biotic Mineral evidence of reduced iron oxides Chemical evidence of reducing conditions Breakdown products (different than biotic breakdown products)

15. Some “Bad”Aspects Lack of reduced iron oxide minerals Presence of oxidized iron oxide minerals General oxidizing chemical conditions

16. Abiotic Scoring No set scoring ranges (no protocol) Positive scores suggest potential Negative scores limit potential

17. Compiling Data Five data sets Soils – abiotic Shallow groundwater – biotic Shallow groundwater – abiotic Deep groundwater – biotic Deep groundwater - abiotic

18. Data Sources Classic MNA (monitored natural attenuation) data for biotic AMIBA (Aqueous and Mineralogical Intrinsic Bioremediation Assessment ) data for abiotic

19. MNA - Biotic From Weidermeier Protocol – standardized General measures of redox conditions (H 2 and DO) Biotic breakdown products (DCE, VC) Inorganic breakdown products (HCO 3 -, Cl - ) Competing redox reactions (SO 4, NO 3 )

20. AMIBA - Abiotic No standardized protocol – innovate! Designed for fuel hydrocarbons not chlorinated solvents Assesses oxidative capacity for fuel spills Can be used “backwards” to assess reductive capacity for solvents

21. Compile Data Extract pertinent data and spatial coordinates from database Consolidate data and quality check

22. Generate Scores Run queries to assign points for each scoring method Sum assigned points for each layer and scoring method Generate Thiessen shape files (5) – one for each scoring method and layer

23. Soils – Abiotic

24. Shallow Groundwater – Biotic

25. Shallow Groundwater – Abiotic

26. Deep Groundwater – Biotic

27. Deep Groundwater – Abiotic

28. Assess Potentials Display scoring polygons Overlay plume outline Interpret potential for degradation

29. Shallow Groundwater – Biotic

30. Shallow Groundwater – Abiotic