1. Using Information Technology Pertemuan 12 Chapter 11 Information Systems

2. 2 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information The flow of information within an organization - Horizontally - reflects functional areas Vertically - reflects management levels

3. Information Systems 3 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Departments Research and development (R&D) Production (operations) Marketing and sales Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel) Information systems (IS)

4. Information Systems 4 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Levels Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures

5. Information Systems 5 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Information Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information

6. Information Systems 6 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems For lower managers - TPSs TPSs For middle managers - MISs and DSSs For top managers - ESSs For all levels, including nonmanagement – OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work systems An organization chart and management levels and responsibilities

7. Information Systems 7 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business Features include - For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Forms the basis for MIS and DSS

8. Information Systems 8 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Information System (MIS) MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output Features include - For middle managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds of reports

9. Information Systems 9 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Decision Support System (DSS) DSS - a computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future Features include - For middle managers Produces analytic models Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance

10. Information Systems 10 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Executive Support System (ESS) ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making Components of an ESS

11. Information Systems 11 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Office Automation System (OAS) OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity Office automation systems

12. Information Systems 12 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Cooperative systems – organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people

13. Information Systems 13 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one - Users Management Technical staff

14. Information Systems 14 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design SDLC

15. Information Systems 15 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation Objectives - 1. Conduct the preliminary analysis 2. Propose alternative solutions 3. Describe the cost & benefits 4. Submit a preliminary plan

16. Information Systems 16 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System Objectives - 1. Gather data 2. Analyze the data 3. Write a report Data flow diagram

17. Information Systems 17 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Third Phase - Design the System Objectives - 1. Do a preliminary design 2. Do a detail design 3. Write a report

18. Information Systems 18 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fourth Phase - Develop the system Objectives - 1. Develop or acquire the software 2. Acquire hardware 3. Test the system

19. Information Systems 19 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fifth Phase - Implement the System Objectives - 1. Convert to the new system 2. Train the users

20. Information Systems 20 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System Objective - To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions