1. Humanism Florence and Venice in the Renaissance

2. The Development of Humanism Thriving northern towns eg. Padua, Florence notaries evolving notion of studia humanitatis restore and emulate culture of antiquity “ For the humanists, the way forward was to go back, to follow the example of the best writers and thinkers in a culture which they considered superior to their own.” [Peter Burke] humanism mostly grew up outside universities

3. Andrea del Castagno, Portrait of Francesco Petrarca (from the cycle of famous men and women), c. 1450 Return to original texts connection to ancient authors new sense of confidence

4. search for lost works copy, preserve, disseminate revive perfect Latin style imitate literary forms emulate handwriting Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459)

5. Poggio Bracciolini’s handwriting Carolingian miniscule

6. primarily an educational movement? from C15th new schools focus on studia humanitatis ethics, poetry, history, rhetoric, grammar skills to be a good citizen not un-Christian Christian humanism Sandro Botticelli, The Seven Liberal Arts (c. 1484) Humanist education

7. Hans Holbein the younger, Erasmus of Rotterdam (1523)

8. Sandro Botticelli, The Birth of Venus (1486)

9. high literacy rates vernacular literary culture a Republic Rome as a model

10. chancellor from 1375 1396 hires Manuel Chrysoloras to teach Greek encouraged young humanists like Bruni, Bracciolini Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106- 43BC)

11. Florentine humanism shaped by political context ‘crisis’ around 1400 republican ‘liberty’ versus despotic ‘tyranny’ “an affirmation of worldly values” the root of modern civilisation? 1955 Hans Baron (1900-1988) and Civic Humanism

12. Ghiberti’s winning entry for the “Gates of Paradise” of the Florentine Baptistery (1401) Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455)

14. patron of humanists Marsilio Ficino (1433- 99), head of Platonic Academy public library at San Marco civic humanism: “ the ideological and intellectual underpinning to [the Medici] seizure of power ”? Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) ‘Pater patriae’

15. Relationship to Rome and Byzantium Small and stable patrician ruling class Patrician humanists eg. Francesco Barbaro (1390-1454) work in chancellery restricted to citizens university at Padua Giovanni Caldiera (1395-1474) 1446 founded San Marco school Venetian patricians (detail from Giovanni and Gentile Bellini, Sermon of St. Mark in Alexandria (1504-7)) Humanism in Venice

16. Cardinal Bessarion (1403-72), whose manuscripts became the nucleus of the Biblioteca Marciana

17. Edition of Lactantius, Sweyheym and Pannartz, Subiaco, 1465

18. a ‘second-rank’ humanist chose Venice c. 1490 aim to make Greek and Roman classics available in print network of humanist contacts Venice as centre of humanist ‘Republic of Letters’ The house of Aldus Manutius (c. 1450 – 1515) at San Stae

19. Aldus’ octavo edition of Catullus (1501)

20. Agnolo Bronzino, Portrait of a Young Man, 1530s

21. vernac translation Vernacular translation of a classical text (Venice,1518)

22. Pedro Berruguete, Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro and His Son Guidobaldo (c. 1475)

23. Raphael, The School of Athens (Vatican, 1510-11) “[humanism] persuaded Italian and ultimately European society that without its lessons no one was fit to rule or lead ”, that “ classical learning was an essential ingredient of gentility, a necessary qualification for membership of the social elite ” [Robert Black, Renaissance Thought, 93-4]