1. Study Tour to Italy Presentation #1 A Focus on Florence & Michelangelo 1 We will be sightseeing in Florence all day Saturday June 25 We will spend four nights in Florence (taking day trips on the other days)

2. Florence Heart of the Early Renaissance cathedral begun 1296 completed 1436 with dome by Brunelleschi 2

3. Italy after 1000 city-states free themselves from nobility Establish as free republics or communes New rich middle class Tuscany—region in central Italy Where Renaissance began to emerge 3

4. BRUNELLESCHI, Sacrifice of Isaac, competition panel for east doors, baptistery of Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy, 1401–1402. 4 Florence Bapistery Has three sets of Bronze doors from the early Renaissance

5. Ghiberti (winner) BRUNELLESCHI 5

6. LORENZO GHIBERTI, east doors (“Gates of Paradise”), baptistery, Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy, 1425–1452. 6

7. After loosing the competition, Brunelleschi went to Rome with Donatello to study classical art & architecture Became famous architect—put the dome on the Florence Cathedral Said to have invented the system of linear perspective 7 Brunelleschi’s “peepshow”

8. ANCIENT ROME Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118 – 125 CE Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE 8

9. all’ antica Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel, c. 1440 9 The Pantheon, Rome

10. ALL’ ANTICA Marcus Aurelius DONATELLO, Gattamelata, Padua, ca. 1445–1450 10

11. Both in the Bargello Museum (we probably won’t see) 11 1408-09---For the Cathedral/City: “To those who fight bravely for the fatherland the gods lend aid even against the most terrible foes” 1450s-60s—for the Medici Family

12. Donatello’s David originally stood in the courtyard of the Medici Palace in Florence

13. The Medici were not noble, but wealthy bankers Their wealth began with the textile industry & the wool guild 13 MICHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMMEO, Palazzo Medici- Riccardi, Florence, begun 1445

14. The Medici would rise to great power, eventually becoming royalty through marriage alliances In 1547 the family became hereditary Dukes of Florence two Medici Queens of France: Catherine de’ Medici (regent, 1547-1559) Marie de’ Medici (regent, 1600-1610) the Medici “coat of arms” Four popes: Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, Leo XI the first three were patrons of Michelangelo (Leo XI after his death)

15. * built the Medici palace * patron of Fra Angelico& Fra Filippo Lippi * patron of Donatello * patron of Brunelleschi & the completion of the Duomo Under the leadership of Cosimo de’Medici beginning in 1434, the Medici became the unofficial governors of the Republic of Florence Cosimo the Elder, Patron of Art Cosimo’s son Piero “the Gouty” only stayed in power for five years and had little interest in art …but Cosimo’s grandson Lorenzo “the Magnificent” was one of the greatest patrons of the Renaissance

16. Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-92) Painted terracotta, probably after a model by Andrea del Verrocchio and Orsino Benintendi Continued to rule Florence unofficially Maintained a fragile peace among Italian city states Great patron of the arts

17. Botticelli, Primavera, c. 1482 probably for the marriage of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’Medici 17

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19. KEY WORK! SANDRO BOTTICELLI, Birth of Venus, ca. 1482. Tempera on canvas, approx. 5’ 8” x 9’ 1”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. 19

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21. (L)Hellenistic Period, Venus de Medici, 4 th century BCE (R) Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1484-86

22. Portrait of a much older Michelangelo—he wore a turban while sculpting to protect his hair Giuliano Bugiardini (?), Portrait of Michelangelo, 16 th century IN 1492 the teenage Michelangelo joined the Medici Household

23. Giovanni Mannozzi, Lorenzo de' Medici surrounded by artists, admiring Michelangelo's 'Faun,' 17 th century fresco IN 1492 the teenage Michelangelo joined the Medici Household Lorenzo de’Medici supposedly first noticed Michelangelo when he was carving the head of a faun in the Medici sculpture garden. He subsequently invited M to live in the Medici Palace, where he was treated “like a son.”

24. Michelangelo born March 6, 1475 The Buonarroti family were part of the patrician upper class of Florence. Born in “the Shadow of the Dome”--in Caprese (90 miles east of Florence) his father Lodovico Buonarroti was the resident governor (6 month appointment).

25. Family then returned to its home in Settignano, just outside Florence relatively poor town –many stone carvers Buonorroti house still survives—it was the second largest property in the town wetnurse—family of stone-carvers story

26. The family also purchased a home in the city now the Casa Buonaroti, a museum Michelangelo’s mother died in 1481 when he was six years old With each large payment for his art, Michelangelo would purchase additional pieces of property in and around Florence. A safe and lucrative investment.

27. c. 1485 age 10--attends grammar school of the humanist Francesco di Urbino. Father remarries. Studia humanitatis: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, moral philosophy (Latin & Greek) Michelangelo had only two years of such education at the most.

28. By 1487 Michelangelo is documented in workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio. Remains there until c. 1490. Age 12-15 Supposed self-portrait of Ghirlandaio, from Adoration of the Magi, 1488 How did Michelangelo get such a great job? Family connections to Medici?

29. Domenico Ghirlandaio leading Florentine painter noted for fresco Michelangelo seems to have not been an ordinary apprentice The Sassetti Chapel, Santa Trinita, Florence, c. 1480 Stories of St. Francis

30. Michelangelo’s first known painting c. 1487-1488 purchased in 2008 for 2 million as “Workshop of Ghirlandaio” Cleaned & reattributed to Michelangelo at Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2009 & purchased by the Kimbell Art Museum for 6 million

31. 1490 -1492 Two of the happiest years of his life member of the Medici household under Lorenzo de’ Medici age 15-17 years Courtyard, Palazzo Medici, Florence

32. The humanist philosophers of Lorenzo’s court provided Michelangelo access to the greatest minds of his age Domenico Ghirlandaio, Marsilio Ficino, Cristoforo Landino, Angelo Poliziano, Gentile de’ Becchi, 1485-90

33. Michelangelo was educated alongside two Medici princes One was the future Pope Leo X and one was the future Clement VII the Medici provided Michelangelo with over 50 years of patronage Raphael, Portrait of Pope Leo X and Two Cardinals, 1518 On left: Guilio de’ Medici (Clement VII)

34. Lorenzo de’ Medici died in 1492 Michelangelo returned to his father’s house Began working on a life-size Hercules (lost) Death mask of Lorenzo de’ Medici

35. 1490s Florence in upheaval Dominican friar Savonarola Denounced humanism & the Medici (fled 1494) repent sins--“bonfire of the vanities ” 35

36. Botticelli became a follower of Savonarola almost completely stopped painting Botticelli, Mystical Nativity, c. 1500 36

37. In late autumn of 1494 King Charles VIII crossed the Alps with an army of 25,000, throwing Italy into political chaos. Beginning of Italian War 1494-98 Out of fear, the Florentines expelled the Medici and established a republic French army enters Florence, 1494 Savonarola welcomed the “purification” of the French— this contributed to his downfall to come

38. In 1496 Michelangelo journeyed to Rome for the first time A neglected, derelict city Much of Rome dishabitato In contrast Florence wealthy, thriving Map of Rome, 1472 Walls of Leo IV, c. 1000 still surrounding St. Peters

39. Jacopo Galli secures a major commission for Michelangelo French Cardinal & ambassador for Charles VIII Jean de Bilheres monument for his tomb in Santa Petronilla (Chapel of the French kings) an ancient rotunda attached to Old Saint Peter’s (now destroyed)

40. 40 Pieta traditionally a northern subject (Cardinal from France) Virgin with the Dead Christ, from Germany, ca. 1300–1325.

41. In August 1498 the block of marble arrived in Rome—contract then signed Jacopo Galli promised that the work would be “the most beautiful marble statue in Rome, one no living artist could better” Michelangelo Buonarroti, Pieta, 1498-99

42. Beautiful & idealized Christ appears sleeping, not dead Mary appears young timeless highly polished and finished

43. Execution of Savonarola, Florence, 1498 43

44. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501– 1504. Marble, 13’ 5” high. Florence. 44 “David with his sling and I with my bow” – Michelangelo.”

45. 45 “It is necessary to keep one's compass in one's eyes and not in the hand, for the hands execute, but the eye judges.”

46. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, Bound Slave, 1513– 1516. Marble, approx. 6’ 10 1/2” high. Louvre, Paris. 46 “I saw the angel in the marble and carved until I set him free.”

47. Raphael, Portrait of Julius II, 1511-12 “the Warrior Pope” r. 1503-13 most important patron of the High Renaissance 47 Demolishes old St Peter’s—begins rebuilding Michelangelo to design his tomb Michelangelo to fresco Sistine ceiling

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49. 49 Michelangelo, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, fresco, Vatican, Rome, 1508-1512 Last Judgment, 1537-41

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51. Next meeting: STUDENT PRESENTATIONS ON SISTINE CHAPEL 15 th century frescos (not by Michelangelo) Ancestors of Christ Prophets & Sibyls Ignudi Central Scenes from Genesis (three sets of three) Last Judgment 51