1. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter 3

2. Limiting Factors
Any abiotic or biotic actor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms

3. Examples of Limiting Factors
Sunlight
Food
Water

4. Range of Tolerance
The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can live and reproduce.

5. Where will you find the greatest diversity? Least # of organisms?

6. Are biotic or abiotic factors that LIMIT the growth of a species.
Comparison
Limiting Factors
Range of Tolerance
Are biotic or abiotic factors that LIMIT the growth of a species.
Determined by the limiting factors that affect a species.

7. Ecological Succession
The process by which an existing ecosystem is gradually and progressively replaced by another ecosystem

8. Primary Succession
The development of biotic communities in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil.
Ex. After lava flow

9. Pioneer Species First organisms to appear in primary succession
Help to create the soil by secreting acid to break down rock
Ex. Lichens (fungi/algae combo) & Mosses

10. Climax Community A relatively stable collection of plants and animals
These will change due to environmental factors such as fires, floods, winds, tsunamis, hurricanes, droughts, and other natural disasters.

11. Secondary Succession
The development of biotic communities in an area where the natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but where soil is present.
Ex. After a fire

12. See figure on
Page 64

13. The establishment of a community in an area with no soil.
Comparison
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
The establishment of a community in an area with no soil.
The establishment of a new community in an existing ecosystem that was disturbed.

14. Where are the most pioneer species? What usually appears last?

15. Biomes
Ecosystems identified by their climax community

16. Climate
The average year-after-year conditions of temperature & precipitation in a particular region
The variation of climate primarily depends upon the angle of incoming sunlight

17. Types Terrestrial of Biomes
Tundra
Boreal Forest
Temperate Forest
Temperate Woodlands
Temperate Grassland
Desert

18. Types Terrestrial of Biomes
Tropical Savanna
Tropical Seasonal Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
*Mountains
*Polar Region

19. Comparison
Temperate
Tropical
Mild temperatures, temperatures are not extreme.
Hot & Humid

20. Aquatic Biomes Fresh Water Rivers and Streams Lakes and Ponds
Flowing Water
Lakes and Ponds
Standing Water

21. Freshwater Zones
Littoral
Limnetic
Profundal
Benthic

22. Freshwater Zones

23. Aquatic Biomes Marine Photic Zone Costal Ocean and Coral Reef
Intertidal Zone
Open Ocean
Photic Zone
Aphotic Zone
Benthic Zone
Abyssal Zone
Costal Ocean and Coral Reef

25. Transitional Zones
Wetlands
Estuary