1. ALGAL BIORESOURCES AS RAW-MATERIAL IN BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
RIZWAN SARWAR
PHD Scholar
Department of BOTANY
14-ARID-4424

2. contents Introduction Benefits of Biodiesel Global Market of RES
Production of biodiesel
Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world
Features of consumption of biodiesel
Biodiesel raw-material base
Producton and cost price of biodiesel

3. Algae and Biodiesel
Choosing an Algae
Feasibility
Pressing oil from the algae
Diesel Hybrid
Hybrid Bus Statistics
Conclusion
References

4. Biodiesel represents methyl (less often ethyl) ethers of fatty acids and is a perspective substitute for traditional hydrocarbon fuel. Raw materials for production of biodiesel are
vegetable oils,
food-industry wastes
and waste oils used for cooking.

5. Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines.
Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel in any proportions.
The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a technical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester.

6. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix.
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20
5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

7. Benefits of Biodiesel - High flash point (above +100)
- High cetane number (Measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel) (average units).
- High flash point (above +100)
- Good lubricating property
- Absence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons
- Low toxicity of emissions
- Virtually complete biodegradability (99%
-biodiesel are destroyed in water or soil for 28 days)
- Zero balance of greenhouse gases

8. Global Market of RES

9. Production of biodiesel

10. Material balance of biodiesel

12. Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world 70 % - EU 20 % - the USA 10 % - other countries

14. Features of consumption of biodiesel
The main consumers are Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Spain
National biodiesel programs are started more than in 20 countries
Three of four liters of diesel fuel sold in EU contain biodiesel. The obligatory share of biofuel is 5.75 % in 2010, 20 % by 2020

17. Biodiesel raw-material base

18. Sown areas for the production of vegetable oils for biodiesel (worldwide)
Today - 1 % (14 mln ha)
By the year 2030 – 2.5 % (35 mln ha)

19. Liters of oil from 1 hectare
Raw material
Liters of oil from 1 hectare
Sesame
696
Sunflower
952
Peanut
1059
Rape (B. napus)
1190
Olive
1212
Jatropha
1818
Avocado
2638
Palm-oil
5950
Algae
95000
Soya
446
Flax
478

20. Producton and cost price of biodiesel

21. Cost of biodiesel production in some European countries
Сountry
Cost, Euro/l
Germany
Baltic States
Hungary
0.65
Poland
0.75
Slovakia
0.70
The price of rape in Germany is 450 EUROS per ton

22. Production cost of biodiesel in various countries in 2008
Type of Biodiesel
Dollars per gallon of biodiesel
Dollars per gallon gasoline equivalent
India (Jatropha)
2.74
2.97
U.S. (soybean)
3.20
3.33
EU (rape)
3.26
3.54
Russia (rape)
1.50
1.65
The price of rape in Russia euros per ton

23. Algae and Biodiesel

24. Algae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop Biodiesels like soy and canola
Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils
Algae does not compete for land and space with other agricultural crops
Algae can survive in water of high salt content and use water that was previously deemed unusable

25. Storing the Sun’s Energy (Photosynthesis)
What is needed
Sunlight
CO2
Nutrients
Storage of Energy
Lipids and oils
Carbohydrates

26. Controlling Nutrients
Nitrogen
Aids in cell division
Silicate
Aids in cell wall production
Depleting Nutrients
Starving the algae of these two nutrients reduce the rate of cell division
Oil production remains constant
Results in an increase in the oil to mass ratio

27. Mass Production of Algae

28. Choosing an Algae Important characteristics of Algae
High % of total biomass is oil
Maintains a high % of oil even under stress
Compatible with the area climate

29. What Type of Algae Botryococcus braunii
Converts 61% of its biomass into oil
86% of it is long chain hydrocarbons
Drops to only 31% oil under stress
Grows best between 22-25oC (71-77oF)

30. Where To Grow It Extensions onto our water treatment plants
Clean up our waste and generate fuel
Agriculture runoff
Exploit the county’s many farms.

31. Feasibility
Due to the promising interest in alternatives to fossil fuels, there has been renewed research interest in Botryococcus braunii.
The DOE Joint Genome Institute sequenced the DNA of Bb in

32. Pressing oil from the algae
Dry the algae and press the oil from it.
Can retrieve up to 70% of the oil.
While drying must prevent the algae from becoming contaminated.
Cheapest and simplest method

33. Chemical Oil Extraction
Use hexane solvents to remove the oil.
Hexane is a neurotoxin.
Must be careful when using.
Removes oil out of almost all things.

34. Three ways to produce biodiesel
Base catalyzed transesterification with alcohol.
Acid catalyzed esterification with methanol.
Convert the oil to fatty acids. Then acid catalyze to alkyl esters.

35. Base Catalyzed with Alcohol
Most common process
Most economical
Low pressure
Low temperature (150oF)
No intermediate steps
High conversion rate (98%)

36. TAG (triacylglycerol)
Three chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Natural oil from the algae

37. Transesterification Start with triacylglycerol (TAG)
End up with alkyl ester alcohol (biodiesel)

38. Diesel Hybrid
GM Hybrid Bus

39. Hybrid Bus Statistics GM Hybrid Bus EP system (electric propulsion)
Clean Hybrid technology
Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reduction of about 90%
Nitrous oxide reduction of about 50%
Already in service in many cities
Up to 60% improved fuel economy

40. Conclusion Algae is a very efficient means of producing biodiesel
The oil production from algae farms is feasible and scalable
Further research necessary to unlock full potential of algae

41. References
Rajkumar et al. (2014). “Algal Biofuel Production,” BioResources 9(1)
Kelsi Bracmort. (2013). “Algae’s Potential as a Transportation Biofuel,” Congressional Research Service.