1. Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance Module 8 Connectivity Conservation - Intro

2. Ecosystem degradation and habitat fragmentation and loss are the primary threats to biodiversity. Connectivity conservation connects and re-connects natural ecosystems and habitats. Scientific theory and management practice of connectivity conservation emerged in the 1960s and is still evolving. Connectivity conservation principles and concepts need to be supported in law to secure the connectivity needs of PA sites and systems. Connectivity conservation law is early stages of development and primarily uses existing legal tools. Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance Connectivity Conservation - Intro

3. Overview of the Seminar International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation Governance for connectivity conservation Benefits of connectivity conservation Connectivity conservation – what is it?

4. Objectives Provide an overview of international, regional and supra-national law that supports connectivity conservation Provide an overview of options for governance for connectivity conservation areas Explain the range & relationships of the benefits of connectivity conservation Introduce the concepts and tasks involved in managing connectivity conservation Introduce the scientific foundation of connectivity conservation

5. Outcomes Understanding of the scientific basis for connectivity conservation Awareness of the influence of connectivity conservation science on management concepts and tasks Awareness of the benefits of connectivity conservation and of the relationships among benefits Understanding of the factors that influence governance for connectivity conservation and of options for governance Awareness of international, regional, and supra-national legal instruments related to connectivity conservation

6. Overview of the Seminar International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation Governance for connectivity conservation Benefits of connectivity conservation What connectivity conservation is

7. Acknowledging Diversity differences legal traditionlegal process legal hierarchy inst’al framework socio/eco concerns conserv priorities

8. Overview of the Seminar Connectivity conservation – what is it?

9. What is it? Connectivity conservation science Managing connectivity conservation Types of connectivity conservation Scale of connectivity conservation

10. Ecological processes include biological, physical, and chemical processes that sustain ecological systems and life as we know it. Species population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographical area. Metapopulation is a population of the same species that survives in a series of disconnected habitat patches. Definitions…

11. Habitat is an area which provides the combination of resources and environmental conditions that promotes occupancy by individuals of a given species and allows those individuals to survive and reproduce. Habitat fragmentation is the reduction and isolation of patches of natural ecosystems, including landscape and seascape transformations, that break large habitat into smaller patches. Definitions…

12. Components Maintains functional integrity of natural ecosystems and their processes Two Main Components Functional – the natural function that needs to be maintained Spatial – the physical space required for that function to occur

13. Patch is a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings. Matrix is the background ecosystem of land-use or sea-use type in which patches and corridors are located. Mosaic is the broader landscape or seascape in which matrices are located. Definitions…

14. Landscape/seascape corridor is a mosaic of contiguous natural cover that allows movement between habitat patches or protected areas. Linear corridor is a strip of land, often narrow, that provides connectivity between habitat fragments for target species. Stepping stone corridor is one or more separate patches between core protected areas. Definitions

15. Linear, stepping stone and landscape/seascape corridors linking core areas What is it?

17. © Landesbetrieb Straßenbau NRW What is it?

18. Type of connectivityDescription Habitat connectivityConnectedness between patches of habitat suitable for a particular species; localized, regional, continental or even global in scope for migratory species Landscape/seascape connectivityHuman perspective of connectedness of patterns of vegetation and environmental flows within a landscape Ecological connectivityConnectedness of ecological processes across many scales of air, water, and land, including trophic relationships, disturbance processes and hydro-ecological flows. Evolutionary process connectivityNatural evolutionary processes that need suitable habitat on a large scale and connectivity to permit gene flow and range expansion Types of connectivity

19. Scale of connectivity Landscape/ seascape configurations Local scale (1 km)Landscape scale (1-99 km) Regional/ biogeographic scale (100-1000s of km) Habitat corridor (linear linkage) Hedgerows, streams, roadsides, underpasses, overpasses Rivers & riparian vegetation, coastlines Major river systems, mountain ranges coastal zones Stepping stone corridor Patches of small woods, plantations, chains of small wetlands Woodland patches in farmland, urban parks, series of small reserves Chains of islands, wetlands along waterfowl flight paths; seagrass patches connecting reef patches Habitat mosaic/ landscape corridors Patchily cleared vegetation in farmland, mosaics of gardens Mosaics of old- growth & regenerating forest Ocean ecosystems supporting migratory marine animals

20. Regional scale connectivity Patch, corridor, matrix connectivity

21. Management 4 management functions Leading Planning Evaluating Implementing Nature People Management Connectivity conservation management

22. Management functions… Leading Encourage individual “champions” Build capacity to implement vision Create vision Achieve government support Achieve community support Facilitate international partnerships

23. Planning Develop strategic plan Integrate vision into national strategies Develop cooperative task plans Facilitate individual project plans Establish transboundary plan & MoU Management functions…

24. Implementing Achieve capacity to operate Respond to critical threats Implement responses to national issues Implement multiple cooperative tasks Support individual projects Management functions…

25. Evaluating Identify needs and establish systems Evaluate performance of national actions Evaluate performance of cooperative tasks Evaluate project management against objectives Identify international needs Management functions

26. Overview of the Seminar Benefits of connectivity conservation Connectivity conservation – what is it?

27. Benefits… Biodiversity Co-benefits for biodiversity & climate change Climate change adaptation Climate mitigation

28. Climate change adaptation Climate change mitigation Biodiversity Create links between carbon sinks Reduce impact of habitat fragmentation Maintain ecosystem services Build resilience Buffer natural disasters Benefits

29. Co-benefits Co-benefits biodiversity & climate change Capture additional carbon Reduce carbon emissions Support human well-being

30. Overview of the Seminar Governance for connectivity conservation Benefits of connectivity conservation Connectivity conservation – what is it?

31. Governance Type Things to take into account Quality Options

32. Two dimensions Type Who Quality How

33. Type – who Instruments/tools Levels of decision-making Who makes decisions Who participates in decision-making processes Powers/authority

34. Quality – how Participation Transparency Accountability Social equity & justice

35. Options Type – a continuum of options state-owned state-controlled shared private indigenous & local communities

36. IUCN Governance Types national sub-national govt-delegated transboundary collaborative joint individuals corporations NGOs indigenous peoples local communities

37. Things to take into account… Bottom-up/Top-down Scale Tenure Role of NGOs Choosing instruments Potential conflicts of laws

38.  Governance of a connectivity conservation area is the result of processes of developing and exercising authority over time.  Connectivity conservation area governance involves clarifying which actors have rights, responsibilities and accountabilities.  A dynamic and mutually supportive balance among multiple actors and institutions should be sought through powers and instruments exercised at different levels.  Governance systems should be dependable but also adaptable, capable of responding to the ever-changing needs of in-situ conservation in the connectivity conservation area. Things to take into account

39. Overview of the Seminar International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation Governance for connectivity conservation Benefits of connectivity conservation Connectivity conservation – what is it?

40. International law Global agreements Regional agreements Supra-national agreements

41. Global agreements Climate Change Convention Convention on Biological Diversity Ramsar Convention Convention on Migratory Species World Heritage Convention Other instruments

42. Convention on Biological Diversity  Manage areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity  Regulate or manage biological resources outside protected areas  Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings  Promote environmentally sound and sustainable development in areas adjacent to protected areas  Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote the recovery of threatened species  Regulate or manage processes and categories of activities that cause a significant adverse effect on biological diversity

43. International law Climate Change Convention Migratory Species Convention Conserve and restore habitats World Heritage Convention Remove obstacles to migration Reduce threats to species Other instruments Ramsar Convention Facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change REDD+ Conserve wetlands Ensure wise use of wetlands Integrate natural heritage into planning processes

44. Regional law Migratory Species Agreements Protect areas that migratory species need Conserve habitats Ensure conservation of all species African Convention Bern Convention Other agreements Gorillas Conserve habitats African-Eurasian Waterbirds Western Hemisphere Convention Central America Convention

45. Supra-national law European Union EU Directives & initiatives Effective EU enforcement National connectivity policies National spatial planning law No binding EU connectivity policy

46. European Union Natura 2000 EU Birds DirectiveEU Habitats Directive Maintain or restore favourable conservation status for listed species and habitats EU Member States designate, restore & maintain sites

47. Overview of the Seminar International, regional, and supra-national law & connectivity conservation Governance for connectivity conservation Benefits of connectivity conservation What is connectivity conservation?

48. Objectives Provide an overview of international, regional and supra-national law related to connectivity conservation Provide an overview of governance for connectivity conservation Explain the range & relationships of the benefits of connectivity conservation Introduce the concepts and tasks involved in managing connectivity conservation Introduce the scientific foundation of connectivity conservation

49. Outcomes Understanding of the scientific basis for connectivity conservation Awareness of the challenges involved in managing connectivity conservation Understanding of the benefits of connectivity conservation Understanding of the factors that influence governance for connectivity conservation Awareness of international, regional, and supra-national legal instruments that support connectivity conservation

50. Core Texts

51. Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance Connectivity Conservation - Intro Module 8 Seminar Presentation knowledge transfer Exercises skills development