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The German "Energiewende" Electricity Solely From Renewable Resources?
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Contents Introduction Boundary conditions and presumptions Simulation Results Conclusions
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Introduction CO 2 causes Greenhouse effect Germany is one of the biggest CO 2 emittents Countermeasure: „Energiewende“
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Annual energy consumtion in Germany 1202 TWh for heating 718 TWh for fuels 600 TWh electrical energy
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Present sources for electrical energy Total average power: 70.0 GW Total energy: 600 TWh
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Renewable electrical energy Annual total energy: 157.4 TWh
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Boundary conditions and presumptions Presumptions: Continuously increasing share of renewable energy Chemical energy storage by H 2 via electrolysis 2 H 2 O -> O 2 + 2 H 2, h = +571,8 kJ/mol H 2 tank Electrolyser Gas turbine
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Boundary conditions and presumptions Leading questions: Optimum layout of photovoltaics, wind and (bio mass + water power)? Required peak powers? Maximum energy storage? Required power for electrolysers and gas turbines?
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Boundary conditions and presumptions Realistic electricity consumption profile Power: 32 – 94 GW Total annual energy: 600 TWh Summer Winter Power Time Basic load Average load Basic load Maximum load Maximum load Average load
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Characteristics of renewables Water Capacity fully used Bio mass Ethical problems, only waste should be used Geothermal energy Small scale Wind Public resistance Photovoltaics Expensive, small efficiency
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Assumptions for weather Annual number of depressions: 20 (period: 18 ¼ days) Amplitude sun power: 15 – 100 % Amplitude wind power: 0 – 100 % Seasonal distribution of wind power: Between 5 % in June and 12 % in December Phase shift between maximum sunlight and maximum wind: /2 = 4 ½ days Day length: 7 – 17 hrs
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Simulation with Excel 1 hr per line = 8760 lines for one year Cosinus interpolation between the curves
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Simulation of sun power Present sunpower: Heigth of sun over horizon (0 during nighttime) Multiplied with weather factor
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Simulation of wind power Present wind power: Weather factor Multiplied by seasonal wind factor
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Overlay of simulation results Required power Minus present sun power Minus present wind power Minus permanent power Water + Bio mass = 22.8 GW Equals Electrolyser power (when negative) Auxiliary gas power (when positive)
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Result Optimum shares: Solar 15 % Wind > 50 %
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Required powers Required reservoir space: 26.5 TWh Required power: SourcePeak powerExistingUtilisation ratio [GW][GW] (2013) Photovoltaics75.636.013.6% Wind96.733.736.6% Others22.8 100.0% Electrolyser53.50.023.2% Gas standby70.621.017.6%
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Conclusions Enough electrical power can be produced by renewable energy Storage space already exists Technical bottleneck for the Energiewende: The realisation of high-power electrolysis Economical bottleneck for the Energiewende: The recovery of the stored energy by gas power (average load less than 18 %)
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Relevance to Dr. Friedrich? Total average power: 70.0 GW Total energy: 600 TWh
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Happy Birthday! georg@geo-vibe.degeorg@geo-vibe.de - www.geo-vibe.dewww.geo-vibe.de
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