1. World War I A War to End All Wars

2. The Spark  Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain  Triple Alliance: Austria- Hungary, Germany, Italy  June 28, 1914--Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry is assassinated in Sarajevo. – Austria-Hungry wants to punish Serbian group who killed the Archduke – Serbia is a Russian Protectorate--This leads to war, based on the alliance system in Europe

3. War  Two Front war: Eastern and Western front – Schlieffen Plan: Russia would be slow to mobilize for war, so Germany must invade and defeat France before Russia is ready for war. Animated Map WWI

4. War: Trench Warfare

7. Gas Warfare  First used by Germans on Eastern Front, Jan. 1915  Types of Gas - Tearing Agent - Asphyxiant - Blistering Agent An estimated 91,198 soldiers died as a result of poison gas attacks and another 1.2 million were hospitalized.

8. Life in the Trenches “My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. Of huge rats that showed no fear of you as they stole your food rations. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in the trenches the dead are lying all around you. You could be talking to the fellow next to you when suddenly he'd be hit by a sniper and fall dead beside you. And there he's stay for days.” - Arthur Savage

9. Life in the Trenches “Our trenches are... ankle deep mud. In some places trenches are waist deep in water. Time is spent digging, filling sandbags, building up parapets, fetching stores, etc. One does not have time to be weary.” - Private Livesay, letter to parents living in East Grinstead (6th March, 1915)

10. Trench Foot - Caused by standing in cold, wet, unsanitary conditions. Similar to frost bite -- More than 20,000 British soldiers were treated for trench foot in the winter of 1914-1915

11. Life in the Trenches What do you do? -Fix Trenches -Write Letters, Poems, etc. -Play Cards -KEEP YOUR HEAD DOWN!

12. War  Trench Warfare: – War of Attrition – Trench on both fronts create a “No Man’s Land” between the trenches.  Military Technology: – Machine Gun, Gas, Artillery, Tank, Airplane  Human Cost: Shell Shock

13. Trench Warfare

14. Turning the Tide of War  British in Turkey – W. Churchill, head of British Navy, suggests that Allies should invaded middle east and cut off Austria-Hungry from supply lines.  US Enters the War – Wilson and America feels that WWI is a European War – Lusitania: a passenger ship is sunk in1915. – Zimmermann Telegraph: 1917 German Foreign minister sends message to Mexico suggesting that Mexico join the Central powers. Mexico would receive New Mexico, Texas, Arizona after a German victory – April 2, 1917 US declares war on the Central Powers

15. Russian Revolution  Russian are starving and poor after a heavy casualties in WWI – Tannenburg 30,000 killed and 92,000 taken prisoner.  Czar Nicolas II abdicated this power as monarch March 1917.  Lenin: Socialist ideal, leads “Soviet” workers party. In 1917 Lenin takes lead of Bolshevik party

16. Russian Revolution  Bolshevik Revolution: Summer 1917 – Lenin dismisses legislative assembly – Russia ends involvement in WWI – Communism becomes political philosophy of Soviet government.

17. Peace at Last  November 11th, 1918 Germany signs Armistice ending the war.  War Losses: – Germany: 1.7 Million – Austria-H:1.2 Million – Russia: 1.7 Million – France: 1.38 Million – British: 908,000 – US: 116, 000  Treaty Versailles – Georges Clemenceau-France – David Lloyd George-Britain – Vittorio Orlando-Italy – Woodrow Wilson-US  Condition of the Treaty – Germany to pay reparations – Germany gives up colonies – Limits the size of German army – Austria-Hungry divided into sovereign nations.  How does Treaty lead to WWII?