1. Module 22: Drugs Chapter 9: States of Consciousness

2. Psychoactive Drug Dependence A chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior Three common psychoactive drugs: –Caffeine –Alcohol –Nicotine Induce an altered state of consciousness A state of physiological and/or psychological need to take more of a substance after continued use. –Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued

3. WithdrawalTolerance The discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of the drug –Withdrawal symptoms are usually the reverse of the drug’s effects. Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to increase the dosage to achieve effects previously obtained by lower doses of the drug

4. Tolerance

5. Drugs and Neurotransmission Module 22: Drugs

6. Neurotransmission The process whereby neurons communicate with each other –Neurotransmission, especially in the brain and spinal cord, helps explain the effects of psychoactive drugs. Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neurotransmission.

7. Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons –When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, setting up the next link in the chain of communication.

8. Synapse The junction between the tip of the sending neuron and the receptor sites on the receiving neuron Call the synaptic gap or cleft

9. Neural Neurotransmitters Activity and the Synapse

10. Reuptake Process where the unused neurotransmitter chemical is reabsorbed by the sending neuron –How anti-depressants work; they facilitate the reuptake

11. Drug Classifications Module 22: Drugs

13. Psychoactive Drugs and Synapses Psychoactive drugs affect synapses and neurotransmitters in three ways: –Binding with receptors –Blocking receptor site –Blocking neurotransmitters’ reuptake

14. Five Psychoactive Drug Categories Five different categories we will study: –#1. Depressants –#2. Opiates –#3. Stimulants –#4. Hallucinogens –#5. Marijuana

15. Drug Classifications: #1. Depressants Module 22: Drugs

16. #1. Depressants Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning –Includes alcohol and sedatives

17. Depressants: Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) Found in beer, wine, and liquor The second most used psychoactive drug (caffeine first) Slows thinking, and impairs physical activity A measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream BAC of.08 considered legal intoxication in most states

18. Affects of Alcohol EuphoricMemory & Sleep Alcohol impairs the parts of the brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgments Studies have shown that alcohol impairs memory by suppressing the processing of events into long term memory. Alcohol impairs REM sleep, further disrupting memory storage.

19. Do you have an alcohol problem?

20. Depressants: Sedatives Drugs that reduce anxiety or induce sleep –Also called tranquilizers Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines

21. Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system and thereby reduce anxiety –Can be lethal in overdose and interact with other drugs, especially alcohol Impair both memory and judgment Can create tolerance and dependence Drugs that depress that activity of the central nervous system without most of the side effects associated with barbiturates Include Valium and Xanax Can create dependency

22. Drug Classifications: #2. Opiates Module 22: Drugs

23. #2. Opiates Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily lesson pain and anxiety Include: opium, morphine, and heroin

24. Opiates: Morphine&Endorphins Strong sedative and pain-relieving drug derived from opium Works by preventing pain neurons from firing or releasing pain-signaling neurotransmitters into the synapse Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure Body’s natural pain killers

25. Drug Classifications: #3. Stimulants Module 22: Drugs

26. #3. Stimulants Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

27. CaffeineNicotine Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks Provides user with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness Blocks neurological receptor sites that, if activated, sedate the central nervous system Stimulant found in tobacco Effects similar to those of caffeine Very addictive and does not stay in the body very long –Explains constant cravings

28. CocaineAmphetamines Stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant –Crack – cocaine crystals Blocks the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters Dependency is quick and severe; places extreme strain on cardiovascular system Drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions, with associated energy and mood changes Includes: speed, uppers, and methamphetamines Mimic adrenaline Can cause irreversible changes in mood

29. Drug Classifications: #4. Hallucinogens Module 22: Drugs

30. #4. Hallucinogens Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input Include: LSD and ecstasy Sometimes called “psychedelics”

31. Lysergic AcidEcstacy Diethylamide (LSD) Powerful hallucinogenic drug Also known as “acid” The effects vary from person to person Users can be dangerous to themselves and others. Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others Also called MDMA Even moderate users may experience permanent brain damage.

32. Drug Classifications: #5: Marijuana Module 22: Drugs

33. #5. Marijuana Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the hemp plant that, when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active ingredient Disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke

35. Prevention Module 22: Drugs

36. High School Drug Use (Johnston & others, 2002)

37. High School Drug Use