1. Anticonvulsive Effects of Sodium Phenobarbital

2. Experimental purpose  To master the anticonvulsive effects of sodium phenobarbital and the elementary process of chi square test.  To be familiar with the experimental condition of screening Anticonvulsants.

3.  Sedative and hypnotics are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.  Major therapeutic use is to cause sedation or encourage sleep. Anxiety states and sleep disorder are common.

4. Action and use  sedative and hypnotics apt to induce tolerance and dependence induce P-450 system induce P-450 system adverse effects are common adverse effects are common  anticonvulsive effects generalized tonic-clonic seizures generalized tonic-clonic seizures

5.  anesthesia and preanesthetic medication  enhance CNS depression graded dose-dependent depression of CNS is a characteristic of sedative- hypnotics. graded dose-dependent depression of CNS is a characteristic of sedative- hypnotics. at still higher doses---coma and death at still higher doses---coma and death

6. Mechanism It can activate GABA A receptor, potentiate GABA action on chloride entry into the neuron.

7. The GABA A receptor chloride ion channel complex has a structure assembled from five subunits.

9. Barbiturates Benzodiazepines a increase the open time of Cl - channel b increase the open frequency of Cl - channel

10. Adverse effect  drug hangover: tiredness after awakes  tolerance: induce P-450 system  addiction: abrupt withdrawal may cause tremor, anxiety, weakness, restlessness, nausea and vomiting  respiratory depression  allergy

11. Poisoning Poisoning: overdoses can cause death, depression of respiration and central cardiovascular depression. Treatment: artificial respiration; purging the stomach of its contents; alkalinization of blood and urine; hemodialysis

12. Experimental animals  Mice (of either gender), 18~22g

16. Experimental apparatus  Mouse cage  injector

17. Experimental drugs  50mg% Dimefline ih  0.4% Sodium Phenobarbital ip  0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline) ip

18. Experimental indication  Tetanic straighten in hind limbs is positive.

19. Experimental procedure  Take 48 mice, weigh them.  All mice are assigned randomly to experiment group and control group according to the principle that equal weight between groups.

20.  Students are divided into twelve groups, every group takes twe mice from experiment group and control group respectively. Mark each mouse, record the marker in the table.

21.  Mice in experiment group are administered Phenobarbital intraperitoneal at the dose of 0.5ml/20g. Similarity, mice at the dose 0.5mg/20g. Similarity, mice in control group are administered 0.9% Sodium Chloride intraperitoneal at the dose of 0.5ml/20g.

22.  After 30 minutes, each mouse is administered 50mg% Dimefline subcutaneously in the dose of 0.5ml/20g.  After administering Dimefline, we observe the responds of mice for 30 minutes. If there is convulsive respond, we need to record it.

23.  In the end, all students summary the results. Record the positive and negative number in experiment group and control group in the table.

24. Analyze and handle the results  We analyze the results with chi square test to see if there is statistical difference in the percentage of convulsion between experiment group and control group.

25. 1. Calculate χ 2 value

26. (1) Calculate χ 2 value with basic formula: Table 1. Descriptive chart of results A T A-T (A-T) 2 /T Experiment group Positive number negtive number Control groupTotal Positive number negtive number total A: observed value T: theory value

27. (2) Calculate χ 2 value with quadruple tabular form: Table 2. Descriptive chart of results Experiment group Control group ∑ positive number a b negative number c d ∑ χ 2 = (ad-bc)2×n ／ (a+b) (a+c) (c+d) (b+d)

28. 2. Compare the observed value with theory value to assess if there is statistical difference.

29. Question  What are the methods of making convulsion model? How to observe drug ’ s anticonvulsive effect?  Why anticonvulsive drug be administered before administering make convulsion drugs in our experiment?  Which data does the experiment data belong to? Which method we choose to analyze? How to do it?