1. LIGO-G1300800 Opening the Gravitational Wave Window Gabriela González Louisiana State University LSC spokesperson For the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration LIGO Livingston Observatory, Louisiana, USA LIGO Hanford Observatory Washington, USA Virgo detector, Cascina, Italy

2. LIGO-G1300800 Gravitational waves Gravitational waves are quadrupolar distortions of distances between freely falling masses. They are produced by time-varying mass quadrupoles. 2

3. LIGO-G1300800 3 3 The GW Detector Network 2005-2010 GEO600 LIGO Hanford LIGO Livingston Virgo

4. LIGO-G1300800 LIGO Scientific Collaboration 900+ members, 86+ institutions, 17 countries 4 https://www.zeemaps.com/map?group=245330 roster.ligo.org

5. LIGO-G1300800 LIGO Detectors 2009-10 (S6) 5 Strain (1/√Hz)

6. LIGO-G1300800 LIGO Detectors 2009-10 (S6) 6 Find all LSC results and publications in www.ligo.org - science tabwww.ligo.org Crab pulsar (NASA, Chandra Observatory) ? Strain (1/√Hz) NASA, WMAP

7. LIGO-G1300800 LIGO-Virgo detectors 2005-2011 7 atlasofthe universe.com

8. LIGO-G1300800 Some interesting results 2005-2011 8 atlasofthe universe.com GRB070201 Astrophys. J. 681 (2008) 1419 GW100916 Phys. Rev D85 (2012) 082002

9. LIGO-G1300800 Sept 16, 2010: “Big Dog event” 9 http://ligo.org/news/blind-injection.php You can get (and listen to!) the detector data and other details: http://ligo.org/science/GW100916/http://ligo.org/science/GW100916/ False alarm rate ~1/7000 yrs! Phys. Rev D85 (2012) 082002

10. LIGO-G1300800 Some other LVC Results 2005-2011 10 Upper limit on GW stochastic background Nature 460 (2009) 990 Upper limit on GW energy emitted by generic sources at 10 kpc Phys. Rev. D 81 (2010) 102001 Upper limits on GW emissions from Crab and Vela pulsars (X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ of Toronto/M.Durant et al; Optical: DSS/Davide De Martin) NASA/CXC/ASU/J Hester et al. (Chandra); NASA/HST/ASU/J Hester et al. (Hubble) Astrophys. J. 722 (2010) 1504 Astrophys. J. 737 (2011) 93 Quantum-enhanced sensitivity!

11. LIGO-G1300800 Advanced LIGO Now under construction: Advanced LIGO ~10 times better than initial LIGO, lower frequencies in band Installation in progress, going very well! Coincident “lock” in ~2014, science runs starting in 2015 with increasing sensitivity to follow.

12. LIGO-G1300800 12 The GW Detector Network~2016 GEO600-hf Advanced LIGO Hanford Advanced LIGO Livingston Advanced Virgo

13. LIGO-G1300800 In progress: Advanced LIGO Vacuum system – same as initial LIGO US NSF funding for Advanced LIGO: 2008-2015. Advanced LIGO 13

14. LIGO-G1300800 Advanced LIGO construction (aLIGO) started 1Apr2008 Major technological differences between LIGO and Advanced LIGO Initial Interferometers Advanced Interferometers Open up wider band Reshape Noise Advanced interferometry Signal recycling Active vibration isolation systems High power laser (180W) 40kg Quadruple pendulum: Silica optics, welded to silica suspension fibers 14

15. LIGO-G1300800 Initial vs Advanced LIGO Lasers become more powerful: 10W  200 W Advanced LIGO

16. LIGO-G1300800 Initial vs Advanced LIGO Seismic isolation goes from passive to active. Advanced LIGO

17. LIGO-G1300800 Initial vs Advanced LIGO 10 kg test masses on simple pendulums become 40 kg monolithic suspensions in quadruple pendulums, with better quality optics 40 kg silica test mass parallel reaction chain for control actuation Advanced LIGO

18. LIGO-G1300800 More on Adv LIGO: LIGO magazine in www.ligo.org 18

19. LIGO-G1300800 Detection Rates Neutron Star Binaries: Initial LIGO: Average BNS reach ~15 Mpc  rate ~1/50yrs Advanced LIGO: ~ 200 Mpc “Realistic rate” ~ 40/year (but can be 0.4- 400) Other binary systems: NS-BH: 0.004/yr  10/yr BH-BH: 0.007/yr  20/yr Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 173001 (2010) 19 Advanced LIGO

20. LIGO-G1300800 20 The GW Detector Network~2016 GEO60 Advanced LIGO Hanford Advanced LIGO Livingston Advanced Virgo

21. LIGO-G1300800 Coming soon near you: Advanced GW Detectors running! 21 arXiv:1304.0670

22. LIGO-G1300800 22 Mostly (but not all) robotic wide-field optical telescopes  Many of them used for following up GRBs and/or hunting for supernovae Nine event candidates followed up by at least one scope Astron Astrophys 539 (2012) A124Astron Astrophys 539 (2012) A124 Astron Astrophys 541 (2012) A155Astron Astrophys 541 (2012) A155 X-ray and UV/Optical Radio Multi-messenger astronomy 2010 (initial detectors)

23. LIGO-G1300800 23 The GW Detector Network~2020 GEO600 Advanced LIGO Hanford Advanced LIGO Livingston Advanced Virgo LIGO-India KAGRA

24. LIGO-G1300800 BNS Merger Localization: Hanford-Livingston-Virgo 24 3 site network x denotes blind spots S. Fairhurst, “ Improved source localization with LIGO India ”, arXiv:1205.6611v1arXiv:1205.6611v1 90% localization ellipses for face-on BNS sources at 160 Mpc.

25. LIGO-G1300800 BNS Localization: Hanford- Livingston-Virgo-India 25 4 site network S. Fairhurst, “ Improved source localization with LIGO India ”, arXiv:1205.6611v1arXiv:1205.6611v1

26. LIGO-G1300800 BNS Localization: Hanford- Livingston-Virgo-India-KAGRA 26 5 site network: Slightly better localization, but also better sensitivity and duty cycle! S. Fairhurst, “ Improved source localization with LIGO India ”, arXiv:1205.6611v1arXiv:1205.6611v1 90% localization ellipses for face-on BNS sources at 160 Mpc.

27. LIGO-G1300800 Multi messenger astronomy with Advanced Detectors Two eras (dcc.ligo.org, LIGO-M1200055) : Now: The LSC and Virgo will partner with astronomers to carry out an inclusive observing campaign for potentially interesting GW triggers, with MoUs to ensure coordination and confidentiality of the information. They are open to all requests from interested astronomers or astronomy projects which want to become partners through signing an MoU. Later: After the published discovery of gravitational waves with data from LSC and/or Virgo detectors, both the LSC and Virgo will begin releasing especially significant triggers promptly to the entire scientific community to enable a wider range of follow-up observations. Also: LIGO data will become public after 2 yrs, with 6 month cadence, after we enter the “observational era” (dcc.ligo.org, M1000066) 27

28. LIGO-G1300800 Call for interest in EM counterparts to GW candidates 28 60+ responses including 400+ interested people!

29. LIGO-G1300800 Gravitational waves are coming! 29 www.ligo.org