1. Lecture 7 Our Star

2. What is a Star? Large, glowing ball of gas that generates heat and light through nuclear fusion in its core. Stars shine by Nuclear Fusion: –For the sun and most of the stars: powered by the reaction: 4 Hydrogen nuclei (4 protons)  1 Helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons) + energy The same process in H bomb E=mc 2 at work: the total mass of helium is only 99.3% of the mass of 4 protons put together; the rest, 0.7% of the rest mass is turned into energy the powers stars

3. Proton-proton cycle 1 H (hydrogen)+ 1 H    2 H (deuteron)+ e + 1 H + 2 H    3 He (helium) 3 He + 3 He    4 He + 2 1 H

4. Carbon cycle 1 H + 12 C (carbon)  13 N (nitrogen)  13 C + e + 1 H + 13 C  14 N 1 H + 14 N  15 O (oxygen)  15 N + e + 1 H + 15 N  4 He + 12 C

5. Sun: Our Star Distance: 1.49 x 10 8 km = 1 A.U. Mass: 1.99 x 10 30 kg Radius: 6.96 x 10 5 km Density: 1.41 g/cm 3 Luminosity: 3.8 x 10 26 watts

6. How to calculate Sun radius : The angle diameter of Sun = 32’ (arcsec). The Earth-Sun distance = 1 A.U.= km Radius: 6.96 x 10 5 km How to calculate Sun mass : Mass: 1.99 x 10 30 kg

8. Solar constant is the intensity of radiation (the flux of energy riching ) at AMO ( air mass zero) Stefan – Boltzman law: How to calculate Sun luminosity : How to calculate Sun temperature :

9. Sun density

10. Composition of the Sun Percent by Mass H 73% He 25% O 0.8% C 0.3% N 0.1%

11. Hydrostatic equilibrium

12. The Sun’s Internal Structure

13. Layers of the Sun

14. Core of the Sun The core is in the center, where fusion occurs. Temperature:14 million K Pressure: 1 billion atm Plasma Nuclear Fusion

15. Transition region –Convection to Radiation –300 km thick Convection zone is similar to the Earth’s mantle. It lies between the photosphere and the radiation zone.

16. How does the Light Comes Out? Photons are created in the nuclear fusion cycle. They collide with other charged particles and change their direction (random walk). They also decrease their energy while walking. It takes ~10 million year to get outside. The random bouncing occurs in the radiation zone (from the core to ~70% of the Sun’s radius). At T<2 million K, the convection zone carries photons further towards the surface.

17. How does the Light Comes Out?

18. Solar Neutrino Neutrino is a subatomic particle. It is a by-product of the solar proton-proton cycle. It barely interacts with anything. Counts of neutrino coming from the Sun are crucial to test our knowledge about solar physics. Neutrino observatories use huge amounts of different substances to detect nuclear reactions with neutrino. So far theory predicts more neutrino than is seen.seen

19. Photosphere 6000 K Sunspots Photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun. It consists of gas and is far less dense than air over the Earth’s oceans.

20. Sunspots Dark areas on the photosphereDark areas on the photosphere Cooler –appear darkCooler –appear dark 11.2 year cycle11.2 year cycle –Dynamic Magnetic field SOHO/MDI NASA & ESA SOHO NASA ESA

21. Chromosphere HotterHotter Less denseLess dense FlaresFlares ProminencesProminences SOHO/EIT NASA/ESA Chromosphere is a zone below corona, where the Sun’s UV radiation is produced (T~10,000 K).

22. Chromosphere SOHO/EIT NASA/ESA

23. Corona The uppermost layer of the atmosphere Very hot: 0.5 - 2 Million K very low density: 1-2 million km thick –Visible during eclipse Coronal mass ejections YOHKOH The solar wind The solar wind is a stream of photons, ions, and subatomic particles outward from the surface.

24. Dynamic Magnetic field Sunspots Flares Prominences Coronal mass ejections

25. Effects on the Earth Magnetic storms Auroras Climate –1645-1715 few sun spots –"Little ice age"

26. Basic Properties of a Star Mass: from 0.1 solar mass to > 100 solar mass Size: from 0.1 solar radius to > 1000 solar radius Luminosity: from 0.01 solar luminosity to a million solar luminosity Life time: from a few million years to longer than tens of billion years –Sun: 10 billion years lifetime (~5 billion years old now) Surface Temperature: from 3000 degree above absolute zero (3000 K  4900 F) to 30,000 K (54000 F) –Sun: ~6000 K Color: from violet to red –Astronomers classify stars based on their colors, or spectral types: from hot (violet) to cool (red) are: O, B, A, F, G, K, M Oh Be A Fine (Girl/Gal/Girl) Kiss Me

27. The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Temperature or color Luminosity or The energy output

28. Main Sequence Stars For more than 90% of a typical star’s lifetime, it is on the Main Sequence of H-R Diagram –With stable Hydrogen burning in the core –The luminosity, temperature and mass of main sequence star follow simple relation: High mass stars: –Hotter, more luminous, bigger, and have shorter lifetime Low mass stars: –Cooler, less luminous, smaller, and have longer lifetime –For main sequence stars, if we know the color of the star, then we know its MASS, temperature and lifetime as well.

29. Main Sequence Stars

30. The most important property: Mass of a star To the first order, the mass of a star determines all the other properties of a star: –in particular, determines the lifetime, evolution, and fate of a star –Lifetime: 10 solar mass star: a few million years Sun: 10 billion years –Fate of a star: Low mass (M < a few solar masses)  white dwarf High mass star (>5 – 10 solar masses)  supernova explosion and neutron star Very high mass star (> 20 solar masses)  supernova explosion and Black Holes

31. Fate of a low-mass star (Sun) Main sequence  red giant  planetary nebula  white dwarf; M(white dwarf) < 1.44 solar mass

32. Fate of a High-mass star Main sequence (short)  supergiant  supernova  neutron star; M(neutron star) < 3 solar mass or black hole

33. Black Holes After a massive star supernova, if the core has a mass > 3 M , the force of gravity will be too strong for even neutron degeneracy to stop. The star will collapse into oblivion. –GRAVITY FINALLY WINS!! This is what we call a black hole. The star becomes very small. –it creates a “hole” in the Universe –That not even light could escape Since 3 M  or more are compressed into an infinitely small space, the gravity of the star is HUGE! WARNING!! –Newton’s Law of Gravity is no longer valid !! –Have to use Einstein’s general relativity to calculate the properties of black holes