2. Coming to Be, Coming to Farm Big Geography, the Peopling of the Earth, Neolithic Revolution and Early Agriculture Mr. Prindiville

3. Humans: recent, but slow to grow. Within last 14,000 years, developed greatly into the modern human: More erect stature Tamed fire Increase in average size Tool use (small stones) Speech Belief

4. The Great Migration: from Africa to the Ends of the Earth

5. Social & Economic Organization of the Roaming Paleolithic Peoples Economic structures were focused on small kinship groups of hunting foraging bands could make what they needed to survive Not all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods. Remember the arrow

6. The Great Innovation: Agriculture (Neolithic Rev.)

7. Developed in Seven General Areas 1. Fertile Crescent 2. several areas in Sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. The Andes 7. Eastern North America

8. When, and why? In all of these cases it happened around the same time: 12,000-4,000 years ago Scholars struggle with the question: Why did ag. develop so late in human history?

9. Diprotodon ~6k lbs Extinction coincides with early human arrival. ~46000ya

10. Mammoth tusk spear thrower Frozen cub with food in stomach

11. The Great Innovation: Agriculture (Neolithic Rev.)

12. Agriculture Impacts Society Women were probably the agricultural innovators Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. Different crops in different regions depending on local flora and fauna Disease

13. Human-Environment Interaction Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create water control systems. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. – Pastoralists affected the grasslands by overgrazing. Kora-Khokhoi preparing to move - 1805

14. Improvements in Ag. production Pottery Plows Woven textiles Metallurgy Wheels and wheeled vehicles. a Nefertiti in sheer linen

15. Political Life of Pastoral and Agricultural Societies Elite groups accumulated wealth and power. Creating hierarchal social structures Promoted patriarchy

16. Results Harder work Disease (animal interaction) Epidemics (large communities) Vulnerable to famine Constraints on movement Explosion of innovation Textiles, metallurgy Alteration of natural ecosystem - deliberate

17. Following animals, Paleolithic peoples leave Africa Develop use of fire and more elaborate tools as they move into colder environments Interacted with each other as they roamed; language developed and knowledge spreads. End of Ice Age sparks agricultural development; independently in different places; pastoralism develops in grasslands Agriculture impacts environmental diversity With more reliable food, population increases More food allows people to do art, be full time warriors, and also be leaders. These people make technical breakthroughs that make agriculture and transportation more efficient Hierarchical societies emerge.