1. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein: Amino Acids

2. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids

3. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids –a.k.a dispensable amino acids Essential amino acids –a.k.a indispensable amino acids Conditionally essential amino acids

4. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

5. An Essential Amino Acid

6. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonessential Amino Acids

7. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Peptide bond

8. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Dipeptide

9. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Tripeptide

10. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Polypeptide

11. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Amino acid sequences

12. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein shape and function

13. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins Protein denaturation

14. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion Stomach –HCl –Pepsinogen  pepsin Proenzyme

15. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion Small intestine –Proteases Intestinal and pancreatic –Peptidases

16. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

17. Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions –Enzyme/amino acid supplements

18. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis Delivering the instructions –DNA mRNA

19. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

20. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

21. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis

22. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis Sequencing errors

23. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

24. Protein Synthesis Nutrients and gene expression

25. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Building material –Growth –Maintenance

26. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Enzymes

27. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Hormones

28. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance –Edema Acid-base regulation –Acidosis –Alkalosis

29. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Transport proteins

30. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Immunity –Antibodies –Antigens

31. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins Source of energy Other roles

32. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Protein turnover –Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance –Positive nitrogen balance –Negative nitrogen balance

33. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

34. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds –Neurotransmitters Using amino acids for energy and glucose

35. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism Deamination Using amino acids to make fat

36. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility –Animal vs. plant Amino acid composition –Limiting amino acid

37. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality Reference protein Complementary proteins

38. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality PDCAAS –Protein digestibility- corrected amino acid score

39. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Food Labels Quantity of protein Daily Value –50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet

40. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Acute PEM Chronic PEM

41. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

42. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

45. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Infections –Dysentery Rehabilitation

46. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects Heart disease Cancer Adult bone loss –osteoporosis

47. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects Weight control Kidney disease

48. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes RDA –0.8 g/kg/day –10% - 35% of energy intake

49. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes Adequate intake Protein in abundance

55. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Supplements Protein supplements Amino acid supplements

56. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets

57. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Health benefits

58. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Diet planning –Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Meat replacements –Texturized vegetable protein

59. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals –Lactovegetarians –Vegans

60. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Omega-3 fatty acids

61. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span –Pregnancy and lactation –Infancy –Childhood and adolescence

62. © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets Healthy food choices –Macrobiotic diets