1. Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells

2. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups of organic or inorganic substances Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Water Minerals Vitamins Their general role in cell structure and function

3. Inorganic Versus Organic Organic –Complex carbon-containing molecules – C, H, O, sometimes N, P. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Inorganic –All other compounds that are not organic –Water, minerals –CO 2 – (no H)

4. Table 2.3 – Organic Compounds in cell A3 – Poster – Put information onto table into Poster

6. Plasma Membrane Membrane forms the boundary between the inside the of the cell and the environment on the outside of the cell. It must be able to allow substances to pass across it. Cellular respiration – oxygen and glucose move into the cell, waste products carbon dioxide and water move out Photosynthesis – carbon dioxide and water move into the plant cell for photosynthesis, glucose and oxygen move out.

7. Plasma Membrane Flexible structure – change shape Able to grow and expand Reseal punctures in the membrane Able to break and reassemble Double layer of phospholipid molecules – phospholipid bilayer. Cholesterol interspersed between phospholipid molecules – strong bonds – flexibility. Water – loving (hydrophilic) Water-hating (hydrophobic)

8. Lipids Fats and Oil Fats are solid at room temperature Oils are liquid Triglyceride – tri – 3 fatty acids, one glycerol. Fatty acid contains only one single bonds – saturated fat. (animal fats) – also withstand higher temperatures

9. Lipids Double bonds between carbon atoms – unsaturated. Many double bonds between carbon atoms described as polyunsaturated. Double bonds more easily broken down by cells in your body than single bonds.

10. Vitamins Essential Organic molecules Needed in minute amounts Help body grow, assist in normal functioning of many metabolic processes and change food into energy. Water – soluble –B, C Fat-soluble –A,D,E and K

11. Minerals Produce a poster on the vitamins and minerals. Why they are important, what happens if you are not getting enough.

12. Proteins Protein booklet – What is a protein, What are proteins made up of, draw the chemical diagram of an amino acid, essential amino acid, non-essential amino acid, structural proteins, enzymes, properties of enzymes, concept map of proteins. Denaturation, what is it, why is it important.

13. Enzymes Work rapidly Ends in –ase Not destroyed or altered by the reactions that they catalyse, so they can be used Action depends on shape, can be changed by temperature, acidity Can work in either direction Affected by temperature – optimal range – below optimum they do not function effectively. Above they are denatured – change shape. Sensitive to pH Specific to particular reactions Enzyme substrate complex

14. Enzymes Enzyme + substrate(s)  enzyme – substrate complex  enzyme + end product Active site Lock and key mechanism Induced fit Organic catalysts

15. Denaturation 3D shape Change in shape caused by environmental conditions

16. The cell wall Plant cells – cellulose – carbohydrates

17. Carbohydrates C,H,O 1:2:1 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Monosaccharides Disaccharides – two sugars Polysaccharides – many sugars Starch Glycogen

18. Cytoplasm Cells approximately 80% water Fluid medium for substances to move about within the cells

19. Water Solvent – a substance in which other substances can be dissolved, the most common being water Extracellular fluids – fluids surrounding and bathing a cell. Temperature – stablilising effects of water Water’s cohesion – surface tension

20. Concept Poster Cell Wall Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus / Lysosomes Nucleus / Nucleic Acids