1. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 1 Kate Mitchell Week 4: February 8 th, 2007 Human Factors – Group Lead HAB, TV, Integration Group This Week: Transfer Vehicle Crew Compartment (TVCC)

2. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 2 TVCC Configuration 4 m Consumables Storage Crew Common Area 2 m Top Plumbing/Piping SPE Shelter Private Quarters Outer Walls 4 m 2 m 3.5 m 0.5 m Side

3. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 3 TVCC Conclusions Total Mass/Power for each TVCC Total Mass/Volume/Power: Entire Architecture *Consumable calculations made assuming water recycling system with 90% efficiency, plus the capability to produce water through use of fuel cells (12 kg/day).

4. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 4 Backup – Water Calculations 1 st table* is a breakdown of all components of crew water consumption 2 nd table shows max water that will need to be stored in TVCC as well as its volume (based on 1095 days) Crew Consumption of Water per day [1] *Crew water consumption table first used in presentation on 1/25/07

5. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 5 Backup – Water Comparison The following slide contains a comparison of two different plans for water –Plan 1: Launch necessary water, then use recycling system which has efficiency of 90% –Plan 2: Launch necessary water, then use recycling system which has efficiency of 90%, plus produce all water (12 kg/day) through fuel cells (will be necessary to power 0.5 kW per day) Conclusion: Plan 2 cuts the water IMLEO from 117 mt to 3.3 mt –Plan 2 was therefore used in final mass calculations

6. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 6 Backup – Water Comparison Plan 2* *Water calculations done in MATLAB code (attached) Plan 1*

7. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 7 Backup – Food Consumption Crew Consumption of Food per day 1 st table shows mass and volume of food consumed per crew member per day 2 nd table shows max food that will need to be stored in TV as well as its volume and the necessary freezer mass and volume (based on 1095 days) 3 rd table shows mass and volume of food to be launched in each TV as well as re-supply ships, and total food IMLEO *Food calculations done in MATLAB code (attached)

8. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 8 Atmospheric supply values were based on O2 consumption of 0.835 kg/p/d (1 st table) 2 nd table shows max O2 and N2 that will need to be stored in TV as their tank volumes and masses* (based on 1095 days) Backup – Atmospheric Supply *Tank mass/volume calculations in MATLAB code (attached)

9. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 9 Backup – Atmospheric Supply Total gases per Launch as well as total IMLEO through entire architecture* *Atmospheric supply calculations in MATLAB code (attached)

10. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 10 Backup – Atmospheric Supply Calculations* Atmospheric pressure: 101 kPa Partial pressures: 80 kPa N 2 21 kPa O 2 Volume of 1 mole of gas (101 kPa and 298 K): 0.02445 m 3 /mole Mass of gas needed to fill the pressurized volume: Mass of gas needed assuming 0.14% mass per day leakage rate: Using Sabatier/electrolysis reaction: Oxygen consumption rate: 0.835 kg/p/d Total oxygen consumed by crew: *Slide first used in presentation on 1/25/07

11. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 11 Find Mass of O2 Tank (using O2 tankage value of 0.364 kg tank/kg O2 [1] ): Find Mass of N2 Tank (using N2 tankage value of 0.556 kg tank/kg N2 [1] ): Volume of tanks (Assuming density of gases to be 1440 kg/m3): Total oxygen reclaimed: Total carbon dioxide produced by crew: CO2 production rate: 1 kg/p/d Backup – Atmospheric Supply Calculations* *Slide first used in presentation on 1/25/07

12. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 12 Backup – Life Support Systems Water Recycling System CO 2 Removal/Oxygen Generation System

13. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 13 Backup – Crew Accommodations [5]

14. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 14 Backup – Crew Accommodations [5]

15. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 15 Backup – Radiation Shielding Investigations have suggested that a 30 g/cm2 shield should be sufficient to protect from solar particle events [4]. Safe-room Shielding –By creating a room to protect the crew from SPEs, we reduced the total mass by eliminating the necessity to heavily shield the entire TV. The room will be 4 x 2 x 1 m (8m 3 ) and will contain crew beds and necessary provisions. The shielding used will be 16 cm Polyethelyne (ρ = 1 g/cm 3 ) and 5 cm Aluminum (ρ = 2.78 g/cm 3 ), making the total shield arial density 29.9 g/cm 2. The total surface area of the safe-room is 28 m 2, making the total shield mass 8372 kg. TV External Shielding –Approximately an additional 4 g/cm 2 shielding will cover the entire habitable part of the crew compartment in order to shield the crew from long term exposure to radiation. We will use 1 cm Aluminum and 2 cm Polyethelyne to meet this requirement, giving a TV external shielding arial density of 4.77 g/cm 2. The surface area of the habitable part of the transfer vehicle crew compartment is 142.8 m 2. Using this surface area, the total shield mass is 6826 kg. The total mass of the required radiation shielding is therefore 15.20 mt.

16. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 16 Backup – Radiation Shielding Total Mass of Radiation Shielding (mt)15.20 SPE Shelter Shielding Entire Crew Compartment Shielding

17. AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design Kate Mitchell - 17 References [1] Hanford, Anthony J., ed. NASA Johnson Space Center. Advanced Life Support Baseline Values and Assumptions Document. Aug. 2004. 1 Feb. 2005. http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/CR-2004- 208941.pdf [2] Landau, Dr. Damon F., “Strategies for the Substained Human Exploration of Mars.” Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University, Dec. 2006. [3] Niziolek, Paul, Project Legend - Final Report - Appendix. April 2005. p. 478- 480. [4] Reed, Ronald D., and Gary R. Coulter. "Physiology of Spaceflight." Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design. Ed. Wiley J. Larson and Linda K. Prank. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 113-115. [5] Stilwell, Don, Ramzy Boutros, and Janis H. Connolly. "Crew Accomodations." Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design. Ed. Wiley J. Larson and Linda K. Prank. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 575- 606. [6] Tribble, Alan C. "The Space Environment: Hazards and Effects." Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design. Ed. Wiley J. Larson and Linda K. Prank. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 65-73.