1. Anatomy and Physiology Standard 4

2. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.

3. Digestive System Function:
Break down food into usable materials for cells in the body to use
How does it work:
Uses enzymes throughout each part to break down polymers into monomers
Example: mouth has amylase to break down carbs
Absorbs monomers and nutrients in the small intestine and transports them through the body in the blood (for energy, growth, and repair)
Absorbs water in the large intestine and all else is removed through the anus

4. Digestive System Diagram Write its job under each label

5. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood.

6. Circulatory System Function: How does it work:
Transports O2 and nutrients to cells and removes CO2 and waste from cells
How does it work:
Heart pumps the blood and blood vessels carry the material in blood
Oxygen is carried on red blood cells
Hemoglobin, which has iron, holds onto the O2
Nutrients come from the digestive system
Wastes are transported to the kidneys and liver for breakdown and removal

7. Circulatory Diagram Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries
Brings blood away from the heart
Veins
Brings blood to the heart
Capillaries
Brings blood to and from organs
Smallest vessels
To lungs
heart
To liver
kidneys
vein
artery

8. Kidneys and Liver Liver: Kidneys:
Breaks down toxic material so it is no longer harmful and sends them to the kidneys through the blood
Kidneys:
Filters out material that needs to be removed from the body
Example: nitrogenous waste (waste that has Nitrogen)
Creates urine

9. Respiratory System Diagram
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
Capillaries surround the alveoli
O2 enters and CO2 exits

10. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

11. Respiratory System Function: How does it work:
Bring O2 to blood vessels
Take CO2 from blood vessels
Cleans the air (bacteria, dust, pollen, virus)
How does it work:
O2 is collected in the lungs when you inhale
Gas exchange occurs in the smaller parts (alveoli) when CO2 exits the blood and O2 enters
CO2 leaves the lungs when you exhale
Cilia on cells and mucous trap harmful material

12. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works.

13. Nervous System Function: How does it work
Receive and send messages throughout the body
Includes messages from inside and outside the body
Regulates the body to keep homeostasis
How does it work
Uses individual cells called neurons to send electrochemical signals throughout the body
Uses electrical impulses and chemicals (called neurotransmitters) to communicate

14. Parts of the Nervous System
Brain
Central organ that collects signals and sends messages
Spinal Cord
Links brain to the rest of the body
Neurons
Sensory neuron
Takes in information from the body and sends it to the brain
Motor Neuron
Brings signals from the brain to the body

15. Neuron Diagram

16. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells.

17. Skeletal System Functions How does it work Maintain Posture
Produce Movement (with the muscular system)
Make blood cells
How does it work
Bones and cartilage create structure
Bone marrow (inside bones) make red and white blood cells
Ligaments and tendons hold bones to muscles to help with movement

18. Muscular System Function How does it work Produce movement
Cardiac muscle moves the heart
Skeletal muscle moves the bones and the body
Smooth muscle moves material in the body
Example: moving food down the esophagus (peristalsis)
Example: moving urine to the urinary bladder
Example: moving blood up the veins
Example: contractions during labor

19. Skeletal and Muscular System

20. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents.

21. Reproductive System Function How does it work
Produce gametes (sperm and eggs)
How does it work
Cells in the testis and ovaries use meiosis to create gametes
Each cell has half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
Fertilization fuses an egg and sperm together to make a zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid)
Offspring are genetically unique compared to each parent

22. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells.

23. Communication in the Body
Function
Regulate the body (keep homeostasis)
How does it work
Neurons use electrochemical signals to send signals
Hormones move through the blood to send signals to organs for responses
Produced by endocrine cells in glands (example: thyroid, adrenal)
Cells nearby can communicate with each other
Called paracrine signals
Example: antibodies released from immune cells
Example: neurotransmitters from neurons

24. Communication in the Body
Paracrine vs Endocrine
Local signaling
Long-distance signaling
Target cell
Electrical signal
along nerve cell
triggers release of
neurotransmitter
Endocrine cell
Blood
vessel
Target cell
Electrical signal
along nerve cell
triggers release of
neurotransmitter
Endocrine cell
Blood
vessel
Neurotransmitter
diffuses across
synapse
Secreting
cell
Secretory
vesicle
Neurotransmitter
diffuses across
synapse
Secreting
cell
Secretory
vesicle
Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells
Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells
Local regulator
diffuses through
extracellular fluid
Local regulator
diffuses through
extracellular fluid
Target
cell
Target cell
is stimulated
Target
cell
Target cell
is stimulated
Paracrine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Paracrine signaling
Synaptic signaling
Hormonal signaling
Hormonal signaling

25. Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop.

26. Homeostasis Function How does it work
Regulate the activities in the body
Keep the body at stable conditions
Respond to changes
How does it work
Uses communication systems to send signals and balance the body
Called feed back loops
Organs systems work together to keep homeostasis

27. Feedback loops Negative Feedback loop
Series of steps that shuts off a stimulus