1. Chapter 16

2.  Ventilation includes:  Inspiration (inhalation)  Expiration (exhalation)

3.  Pressure in lung decreases  Air flows from atmosphere, where pressure is higher, and into lungs  Why does pressure decrease in lungs during this time?

4.  Due to elasticity of lungs  Forced expiration helped by thoracic and abdominal wall muscles

5. Diaphragm Atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) Intra-alveolar pressure (758 mm Hg) Intra-alveolar pressure (760 mm Hg) (a)(b)

6.  One inspiration  One exhalation

7.  Spirometry: measuring different air volumes  Tidal Volume: amount of air that enters/leaves lungs during one respiratory cycle  Normal = 500 mL

8.  Extra volume of air can enter lungs (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)  Maximum = 3000 mL  Inspiratory Capacity = IRV + TV

9.  Lungs can expel extra air volume (Expiratory Reserve Volume)  1100 mL of air beyond TV  Air leftover = Residual Volume  1200 mL  Functional Residual Capacity = ERV + RV

10.  IRV + TV + ERV = VC  Maximum volume of air a person can exhale, after taking the deepest breath possible

11.  VC + Residual Volume = TLC  Varies with age, gender, body size

12. 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Total lung capacity Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Vital capacity Inspiratory reserve volume Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lung volume in milliliters (mL) *During inspiration, which way would the pen move in this figure?

13. -Helps evaluate courses of emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer (conditions where functional lung tissue is lost) -Also helps track progress of diseases like bronchial asthma (obstructs air passages)

14.  Medulla Oblongata!

15.  Movement of particles across a membrane from areas of high concentration to low concentration

16.  Gases move from areas of high pressure to low pressure  Total pressure of air includes the partial pressure of each gas in the air

17.  Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in alveoli air than in capillary blood  Which way will oxygen diffuse?  Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in capillary blood than in alveoli air  Which way will carbon dioxide diffuse?

18. Blood flow (to body tissues) Alveolus Diffusion of O 2 P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg Capillary Alveolar wall Blood flow (from body tissues) P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg P O 2 = 40 mm Hg