1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 29, part 2 Development and Inheritance

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 29-5 The Second and Third Trimesters

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Second trimester Organ systems increase in complexity Third trimester Many organ systems become fully functional Fetus undergoes largest weight change At end of gestation fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of position Second and Third Trimesters

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.9 The Second and Third Trimesters Figure 29.9a, b

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.10 Growth of the Uterus and Fetus Figure 29.10a, b

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.10 Growth of the Uterus and Fetus Figure 29.10c, d

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developing fetus totally dependent on maternal organs Maternal adaptations include increased Respiratory rate Tidal volume Blood volume Nutrient and vitamin uptake Glomerular filtration rate Animation: Anatomy comparison of pregnant and nonpregnant PLAY

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus Progesterone inhibits uterine muscle contraction Opposed by estrogens, oxytocin and prostaglandins Multiple factors interact to produce labor contractions in uterine wall

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.11 Figure 29.11 Factors Involved in the Initiation of Labor and Delivery

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 29-6 Labor and Delivery

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Goal of labor is parturition Stages of labor Dilation The cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal Expulsion The cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges Placental Ejection of the placenta

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.12 The Stages of Labor Figure 29.12

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other labor and delivery situations Premature labor True labor begins before fetus has completed normal development Difficult deliveries When the fetus faces the pubis rather than the sacrum The legs or buttocks enter the vaginal canal first (breech births) Multiple births Twins, triplets, etc. Dizygotic or monozygotic situations

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 29-7 Postnatal Development

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Postnatal life stages Neonatal period Infancy Childhood Adolescence Maturity Senescence begins at maturity and ends in death

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The neonatal period From birth to one month Respiratory, circulatory, digestive and urinary systems adjust Infant must thermoregulate Maternal mammary glands secrete colostrum first few days Milk production thereafter Both secretions are released via the milk let- down reflex Body proportions change during infancy and childhood

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.13 The Milk Let-Down Reflex Figure 29.13

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.14 Figure 29.14 Growth and Changes in Body Form

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adolescence Begins at puberty The period of sexual maturation Ends when growth is completed

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Puberty marked by Increased production of GnRH Rapid increase in circulating FSH and LH Ovaries and testes become sensitive to FSH / LH Gamete production initiated Sex hormones produced Growth rate increases

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal changes at puberty produce gender specific differences in system Differences are retained throughout life Adolescence continues until growth completed Further changes occur when sex hormones decline Menopause Male climacteric

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aging affects functional capabilities of all system Senescence

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 29-8 Genetics, Development, and Inheritance

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genes and chromosomes Every somatic cell carries copies of the 46 original chromosomes in the zygote Genotype – Chromosomes and their component genes Phenotype – physical expression of the genotype

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of inheritance Somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes Homologous chromosomes 22 pair of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes Chromosomes contain DNA Genes are functional segments of DNA

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.15 Human Chromosomes Figure 29.15

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Various forms of a gene are called alleles Homozygous if homologous chromosomes carry the same alleles Heterozygous if homologous chromosomes carry different alleles Alleles are either dominant or recessive depending on expression Punnett square diagram predicts characteristics of offspring

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.16a, b Figure 29.16 Predicting Phenotypic Characteristics by Using Punnett Squares

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inheritance Simple inheritance Phenotypic characteristics are determined by interactions between single pair of alleles Polygenic inheritance Phenotypic characteristics are determined by interactions among alleles on several genes

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sources of individual variation Genetic recombination Gene reshuffling Crossing over and translocation Occurs during meiosis Spontaneous mutations Random errors in DNA replication

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.17 Crossing over and Translocation Figure 29.17a-c

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sex-linked inheritance Sex chromosomes are X chromosome and Y chromosome Male = XY Female = XX X chromosome carries X-linked (sex linked) genes Affect somatic structures Have no corresponding alleles on Y chromosome

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.18 X-Linked inheritance Figure 29.18

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Genome Project Mapped more than 38,000 of our genes Including some responsible for inherited disorders

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.19 Figure 29.19 A Map of the Human Chromosomes

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The relationship between differentiation and development, and the various stages of development The process of fertilization The three prenatal periods and describe the major events associated with each The importance of the placenta as an endocrine organ

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The structural and functional changes in the uterus during gestation The events that occur during labor and delivery The basic principles of genetics as they relate to the inheritance of human traits