1. THE PLANT KINGDOM

2. *light *water *air *nutrients *time *room to grow
7 Basic needs of plants:
*temperature
*light
*water
*air
*nutrients
*time
*room to grow

3. All plants: *eukaryotes and autotrophic.
*Most live on land and have a way to obtain water.
* Many have a waterproof layer covering their leaves called the cuticle - prevents water loss.

4. Sporophyte - the plant produces spores
Life Cycle of Plants
Two stages:
Sporophyte - the plant produces spores
Gametophyte - the plant produces 2 kinds of sex cells (gametes) sperm cells and egg cells

5. Two major divisions of plants
Vascular Plants - those that have vascular tissues (tubes that transport water throughout the cell

6. Nonvascular Plants - those that have no vascular tissues and must be completely connected to the ground

7. The three kinds of nonvascular plants are mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

8. MOSS

9. Mosses: green fuzzy part you see is the gametophyte
Root-like structures called rhizoids anchor the moss & absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
Has a long thin stalk with a capsule on the end that contains spores. They live on tree trunks and rocks.

10. LIVERWORTS

11. Liverworts
Liverworts grow flat along the ground on moist rocks and soil along streams. They look like a human liver.

12. HORNWORTS

13. Hornworts look like liverworts except that they have curved structures growing out of them. They live in moist soil mixed in grasses.

14. 2. SEED PRODUCERS VASCULAR PLANTS
Two main divisions of vascular plants:
1. SPORE PRODUCERS (ferns, club mosses and horsetails)
2. SEED PRODUCERS

15. Ferns, club mosses and horsetails need moist surroundings so spores will survive and grow into gametophytes. When the gametophytes produce egg and sperm cells, there must be enough water nearby for fertilization to occur.
Most club mosses and horsetails have become extinct …

16. All other plants are seed plants
All other plants are seed plants. They have two types of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and use seeds to reproduce.

17. Cells of stems are xylem, or phloem - located in long strands called vascular bundles.

18. xylem cells:
move
water in plants.

19. phloem cells:
move food down the stem to other parts of the plant.

20. TWO TYPES OF STEMS:

21. woody
Stems that are hard and stiff. These stems usually don't die back to the ground during the winter. These are stems we use to make furniture and houses.

22. herbaceous
Plants with stems that are usually soft. These stems die back to the ground every year.

23. Two types of seed plants:
GYMNOSPERMS:
Woody stems(conifers)
Produce naked
seeds not enclosed in an ovary
Needle like leaves

24. REPRODUCTION IN GYMNOSPERMS
Conifers produce male and female cones - sometimes cones are produced on separate trees

25. Male cones produce pollen
Females produce one ovule at base of cone

26. Pollen falls from male on to female.
In time sperm and egg cell join in ovule.
Zygote develops into embryo.

27. to female reproductive structure
POLLINATION: Transfer of male reproductive structure
Seed develops & cone size increases.
Cones with immature seeds point up & cones with mature seeds point down.
to female reproductive
structure

28. ANGIOSPERMS: PARTS OF THE FLOWER: Herbaceous stems
2nd type of seed plant
ANGIOSPERMS:
Herbaceous stems
Produce stems in enclosed fruit
two characteristics - produce flowers and fruit
PARTS OF THE FLOWER:

29. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. The style is the tube- like structure that holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules.

30. The stamen has two parts: anthers and filaments
The stamen has two parts: anthers and filaments. The anthers carry the pollen. These are generally yellow in color. Anthers are held up by a thread- like part called a filament.

31. Petals attract pollinators.
The sepals are the green petal- like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

33. Seeds develop once the sperm cells fertilize the egg cells.
The seed provides a covering to keep the young plant from drying out.
All seeds have an embryo, stored food and a seed coat.

34. The young plant that develops from the fertilized egg is called the embryo.
The embryo has the beginnings of the roots, stems and leaves.
The embryo uses the stored food inside the seed to grow.
The stored food is in cotyledons. The outer part is called the seed coat.

35. TWO TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT: examples are roses, violets and dandelions, oak, maple, vanilla bean and apple
Flowers have 4 or 5 petals or multiples of that number
Leaves are wide with veins that branch off each other
Stems have bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a circle.

37. Slender leaves with veins that run parallel like train tracks
MONOCOT:
Examples are grasses, corn, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips
Vascular tissue is scattered randomly through stem

39. Life Cycle
A plant's life cycle describes how long a plant lives or how long it takes to grow, flower, and set seed. Plants can be either an annual, perennial, or biennial.

40. Annual
A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. It will grow, flower, set seed, and die
Examples: marigolds, tomatoes, and petunias.

41. Examples: daisies, chrysanthemums, and roses.
Perennial
A plant that lives for 3 or more years. It can grow, flower, and set seed for many years.
Examples: daisies, chrysanthemums, and roses.
(think bushes!)

42. Biennial
A plant that needs two growing seasons to complete its life cycle. Produces leaves one season, rests in winter and grows flowers & seeds the next season.
Examples: parsley, carrots, & foxglove.

43. Plant Parts - Roots
The roots provide support - anchor the plant & absorb water and nutrients needed for growth.
I’M A
ROOT!

45. ROOT SYSTEMS
Taproot system
A root with a few branches that is very thick and swollen. Carrots & potatoes are example.

46. fibrous root system
Some plants have a root system like this. It is a bunch of very fine roots all together. Grass plants have fibrous roots.

47. Plant Parts - Stems
Stems carry water and nutrients taken up by the roots to the leaves. They also provide support. Without stem, there would be nothing to hold up leaves or flowers!

48. Leaves are the food making factories of green plants.
Plant Parts - Leaves
Leaves are the food making factories of green plants.
Leaves can be simple, made of a single leaf blade
OR...

49. compound in which the leaf blade is divided into separate leaflets

50. Joins leaf to main stem

51. Joins leaf to main stem

52. LEAF CELLS

53. Leaf Functions:Leaf cell