1. CHAPTER 9, SECTION 4 The Turning Point Editor’s note: Casualties  # of dead, wounded, missing, or captured (specific # of dead)

2. ROAD TO GETTYSBURG  McClellan slow after Antietam Lee recovered & blocked Union advance on Richmond  Lincoln = OUTRAGED  Lincoln wanted a General not intimidated by Lee  Gave Ambrose Burnside command of Army of the Potomac  Two battles before Gettysburg prove disastrous for Union  Fredericksburg  Chancellorsville

3. FREDERICKSBURG  Date: December 11-15, 1862 (VA)  Union Command: Burnside (100,007)  Conf Command: Lee (72,497)  Why  Burnside wants to crush Lee’s army by maneuvering against his southern flank; Union troops attempt to assault fortified Confederate position on top of Marye’s Heights  Result–HEAVY losses for Union; Confederate victory; Burnside replaced by Hooker six weeks later  Casualties=Union 13,353 (1,284) Conf 4,576(608)

8. CHANCELLORSVILLE  Date: April 30-May 6, 1863 (VA)  Union Command: Hooker (97,382)  Confederate Command: Lee (57,353)  Why  Hooker planned to circle behind Rebels to attack; Lee knows the plan & tricks Union by leaving a small force in Fredericksburg; Lee then attacks Hooker’s advancing troops in the dense woods of town  Result–Rebel victory  considered Lee’s greatest; Jackson is mortally wounded by own men after night scouting; Lee decides to invade North again  Casualties=Union 17,200(1,606) Conf 12,700(1,665)

11. GETTYSBURG  Dates: July 1-3, 1863 (PA)  Why- Lee wanted to invade North, again  Collect supplies from Pennsylvania farmland  Take fighting away from war-ravaged Virginia  Threaten northern cities/weaken desire to fight  Win a major battle to strengthen peace movement in the North  Hooker failed to stop Lee from advancing into Pennsylvania  Lincoln replaces him w/ George Meade

12. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG  Union Command: Meade  93,921 men  Conf Command: Lee  71,699 (1 st major battle w/o Stonewall Jackson)  Day 1- July 1, 1863  Parts of the 2 armies accidentally collide on July 1 outside of the town  Reinforcements sent in  Rebels drive back Union forces to the hills south of town  Cemetery Hill, Culp’s Hill, & Little Round Top  Union positioned on higher ground

14. DAY 2- JULY 2, 1863  Union line resembles a fishhook  Enabled easy movement of troops & supplies  Confederates launch full-scale assault on Union positions at Little Round Top  If Rebels take the position, their artillery can fire down the Union line  Savage fighting and HEAVY loss of life  Union repelled attack & held positions

20. DAY 3- JULY 3, 1863  Lee believed Union overcompensated troops at Little Round Top  Plan  attack “weakened” center of Union line at Cemetery Ridge  Lee ordered every Rebel artillery gun to bombard the Ridge before an infantry attack  Pickett’s Charge  12,500 Rebel infantry under George Pickett & A.P. Hill  Marched ¾ mile over open field to attack Cemetery Ridge  The most daring and most deadly maneuver of war  Union artillery battered advancing Confederate line  Union troops protected by trenches & barricades drive Rebel forces back  7,000 confederate casualties

25. GETTYSBURG- RESULTS  Union Casualties: 23,049 (3,155)  Conf Casualties: 28,063 (3,903)  Winner  Union: TURNING POINT OF WAR  Lee leads retreat back to Virginia  Confederacy never recovers from the loss of life  Meade does not pursue the staggering Rebels  Lincoln not happy

27. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS  November 19, 1863  Lincoln visited Gettysburg  Dedicated part of battlefield as cemetery for fallen Union men  Issued the Gettysburg Address  Arguably the greatest speech in American History

30. VICKSBURG: IMPORTANCE  Union controlled Mississippi River delta after capture of New Orleans  Union controlled Mississippi River in the northern part of the Confederacy after Shiloh  Vicksburg  last Confederate stronghold on river  If Union captures Vicksburg  Controlled the whole river & Confederacy is cut in 2

31. VICKSBURG: GRIERSON’S RAID  Grant can’t attack city from the north  Land too swampy & unforgiving  Grant’s plan  March past the city on the west bank of river  Cross river onto east bank & attack from the south  Grant orders Col. Benjamin Grierson to distract Confederates while Union maneuvers troops  1,700 cavalry raid Mississippi countryside  600 miles in 2 weeks  Tear up railroads, burn weapon depots, & fight skirmishes

32. VICKSBURG: THE CAMPAIGN  Most successful Union campaign of war  Union marched 180 miles in 17 days  Fought 5 battles after crossing back over the river  7,200 Confederate casualties  Captured Jackson, MS  Grant forced Confederates back into defenses at Vicksburg  Launched two unsuccessful assaults  City defenses too strong

33. VICKSBURG: THE SIEGE  Date: May 18-July 4, 1863 (Mississippi)  Union Command: Grant (77,000)  Conf Command: Pemberton (33,000)  Plan  Grant put Vicksburg under siege for 6 weeks  Cut off food/supplies  Bombard city around the clock  Soldiers began eating horses, mules, dogs, & shoe leather  Confederate citizens shoot Confederate soldiers foraging their gardens  Soldiers suffer from dysentery, scurvy, hallucinations  Result–Pemberton finally surrenders on the day after North wins at Gettysburg; Union controls the vital Mississippi River  Casualties= Union 4,910 (806); Confederacy 32,492 (805)  Confederacy  29,620 captured or missing

36. THE BATTLE FOR TENNESSEE  Chattanooga, TN = vital Southern railroad junction  Known as the “Gateway to the Lower South”  If Union captured city  control major railroad running to Atlanta, GA  Aug. 1863  Union General William Rosencrans forced Rebels to evacuate Chattanooga w/o a fight  Confederates did not retreat far

37. CHICKAMAUGA  Date: September 18-20, 1863 (GA)  Union Command: Rosecrans (60,000)  CSA Command: Bragg, Longstreet (65,000)  Why  Rebels wanted to reoccupy Chattanooga; Bragg launched surprise attack on Union when they crossed into Georgia  Result–Longstreet’s men exploit a gap in Rosecrans's line and Union retreats back into Chattanooga  Casualties=Union 16,170 (1,657) Conf 18,454(2,312)

39. CHANGE IN THE WEST  Lincoln reinforced Rosencrans w/ some of Meades’ men from the east  20,000 troops  Resupplies artillery, horses, & equipment  November 1863  Lincoln promoted Grant to overall Commander of the West  Rushed his men to Chattanooga  Charged & defeated Confederates on Lookout Mountain

40. CHATTANOOGA  Date: November 23-25, 1863 (Tennessee)  Union Command: Grant(56,359)  Confederate Command: Bragg(44,010)  Plan  Rebels have high position on Missionary Ridge; Grant orders Gen. Sherman to attack north end but fails to break through; Grant plans limited attack in front of Missionary Ridge as a diversion  Result- Union troops surprisingly overrun Rebel forces after charging up the Ridge; Union controls “Gateway to Lower South”  Casualties: Union 5,815 (753) Conf 6,670 (361)

44. GRANT BECOMES GENERAL-IN-CHIEF  Ulysses S. Grant   Captured Vicksburg: gave Union control of Miss. River  Captured Chattanooga: gave Union eastern Tennessee  North could now invade Georgia  March 9, 1864  Grant becomes Commanding General-in-Chief of all Union forces  Lincoln believed Grant was the man to win the war  Grant promoted to rank of Lieutenant General  1 st man since George Washington