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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 1
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Compare and contrast the development of early Mesoamerican societies. Identify key features of early American society and religious beliefs. Outline the development and regional importance of Teotihuacan. Discuss the emergence and development of early Andean societies. Compare and contrast the development of early Oceanic societies. 2
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3
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Migration across Bering land bridge? Probably 13,000 BCE, perhaps earlier (Beringia) By sea from Asia? By 9500 BCE reached southernmost part of South America Hunter/gatherer societies developed Evolved into agricultural societies 4
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1200-100 BCE The “Rubber People” Ceremonial centers San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes Olmec Heads Up to 10 ft tall, 20 tons Transported by dragging, rolling on logs 1000/workers per head 5
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Staple: maize Herding: turkeys, “barkless” dogs Both food (yum-yum…) No draft animals No development of wheeled vehicles 6
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Probably authoritarian in nature Large class of conscripted laborers (slave labor) to construct ceremonial sites Also tombs for rulers, temples, pyramids, drainage systems 7
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ceremonial centers destroyed No evidence of warfare Revolution? Civil war? 8
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Huge cities discovered in 19th century 300 BCE-900 CE Terrace farming Maize Cotton Cacao beans Development of hot chocolate Used as currency Major ceremonial center at Tikal 9
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Warfare for purposes of capturing enemy soldiers Ritual sacrifice of enemies Enslavement Small kingdoms engage in constant conflict until Chichén Itzá begins to absorb captives ▪ Some nevertheless choose death ▪ Center of empire develops 11
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Complex math Invention of “Zero” Calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off) Solar calendar of 365 days Ritual calendar of 260 days Management of calendar lends authority to priesthood Timing of auspicious moments for agriculture 12
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ideographs and a syllable-alphabet Most writings destroyed by Spanish conquerors Deciphering work begins in 1960s Popol Vuh: Mayan creation myth Importance of bloodletting rituals Human sacrifices follow after removal of fingers, piercing to allow blood flow Self-mutilation of penises, earlobes 13
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ritual form of ball game High-ranking captives, prisoners of war contestants Execution of losers immediately follows the match Bloodletting ritual for the gods 14 http://www.ballgame.org/ http://vimeo.com/1099315
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Highlands of Mexico Lakes in area of high elevation Village of Teotihuacan, 500 BCE, expands to become massive agricultural city Important ceremonial center 15
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Extensive trade network, influenced surrounding areas Begins to decline c. 650 CE, sacked by middle of 8 th century City burned Massive library destroyed 16
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Migration into South America, c. 12000 BCE Climate improves, c. 8000 BCE Largely independent from Mesoamerica Highly individualized due to geography 17
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. New religion in central Andes, 900- 300 BCE Little known about particulars of religion Intricate stone carvings 18
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cult may have arisen when maize became an important crop During this era Andean society became increasingly complex 19
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Valley of the Moche River Dominated northern Peru, 300-700 CE Painting survives One of many states in region, none able to consolidate into empire 20
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Prehistoric land bridges, lower seas permit migration Outrigger canoes for open-sea travel Early hunter-gatherer societies in Australia Early agriculture in New Guinea 22
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Found throughout Pacific Islands Agriculture, animal herding 24
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Political organization based on chiefdoms 25
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trade over open ocean declines by 500 BCE Greater independence of settlements 26
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