1. EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT:
INVERTEBRATES

2. WHAT MAIN CHARACTERISTIC IS SHARED
BY ALL VERTEBRATES?

3. IF YOU SAID BACKBONE, YOU ARE CORRECT!
VERTEBRATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATO - (from the name notochord)also called Chordates

4. CHORDATE Characteristics:
At some time in life they have: NOTOCHORD, or nerve cord - a rod like structure that supports back.

5. Your NOTOCHORD is your spinal cord - It’s the connection between the brain and the nerves

6. SOME VERTEBRATES have backbone made of CARTILAGE (connective tissue - softer than bone but still strong!

7. Backbones run down center of back.
Made up of VERTEBRAE lined up in a row.
Joints between vertebrae give you flexibility

8. EACH VERTEBRAE HAS A HOLE IN IT THAT THE SPINAL CORD GOES THRU - like fingers fit into rings

9. COW
BACKBONE
FISH

10. The backbone is part of the ENDOSKELETON (internal skeleton). It’s job:
SUPPORT
PROTECT
GIVES BODY SHAPE
A PLACE FOR MUSCLES TO ATTACH

11. Endoskeleton also includes the skull(protects brain as u see in my picture), ribs(protects organs), arm and leg bones (help you move)..but YOU already knew that!

12. How can you tell the difference between types of vertebrates?
BODY TEMPERATURE
Fish, amphibians, reptiles are ECTOTHERMS - body temp. changes with environment.
Birds and mammals are ENDOTHERMS - body controls temp by controlling internal heat it produces.

13. Chordates have slits in their throat called PHARYNGEAL
One last fact about vertebrates:
Chordates have slits in their throat called PHARYNGEAL
Most other vertebrates have their pharyngeal slits disappear before birth.
PHARYNX

14. Fish keep these slits all their lives as part of their gills.
PHARYNGEAL SLITS
Fish keep these slits all their lives as part of their gills.

15. FISH

16. HOW DO FISH USE THEIR GILLS? WHAT ARE THE 3 GROUPS OF FISH?

17. FISH:
vertebrates that live in water
fins for movement
ectothermic
gills to breathe
have scales - overlapping plates that protect skin

18. Fish swim along, open their mouth & take in H20
OBTAINING O2
Fish swim along, open their mouth & take in H20
The H20 moves thru mouth to gills
GILLS: feather-like structures - red in color due to blood vessels in them.

19. H20 flows over gills O2 moves into blood C02 flows out into H20

20. Like all vertebrates, fish have a closed circulatory system
Like all vertebrates, fish have a closed circulatory system. The heart pumps blood in a loop:
HEART GILLS BODY HEART

21. FINS: thin membrane stretched across bony supports
MOVEMENT
FINS: thin membrane stretched across bony supports

22. Well, not like this…..more like….
FEEDING
FISH have highly developed nervous systems and sense organs to help in capturing food and avoiding predators
Well, not like this…..more like….

23. Their eyesight is better than yours (remember there is less light under water)
Sharks can smell and even taste a tiny amount of blood - as little as one drop- in 115 liters of water! That is 57.5 two liter sodas!

24. AND some fish have taste organs in the most unusual places
AND some fish have taste organs in the most unusual places. Catfish have taste organs on their whiskers!

25. Some fish like the barracuda have sharp teeth for stabbing food
FEEDING
Some fish like the barracuda have sharp teeth for stabbing food

26. Others, like trout have short blunt teeth for gripping & crushing insects

27. Filter Feeders like the Basking Shark and Manta Ray use comb-like structures on their gills to filter tiny plants and animals from the water.

28. Fish Reproduction
Most fish have external fertilization: as female releases eggs, male spreads a cloud of sperm over them.
Some fish like guppies and sharks have internal fertilization: when the eggs are mature enough to live on their own, female gives birth.

29. Biologists classify fish into 3 groups:
Jawless Fishes
Bony Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
They are grouped according to their mouth structure and type of skeleton

30. JAWLESS FISH

31. skeletons made of cartilage
Jawless Fish
No scales
skeletons made of cartilage
one fin (no pairs of fins)
jawless mouth scrapes, stabs and sucks to get food
Lampreys are eel shaped parasites-use sharp teeth and suction-cup mouth to feed

32. CARTILAGINOUS FISH

33. Skeletons made of cartilage Have jaws and pairs of fins
CARTILAGINOUS FISH
Sharks, Rays, Skates
Skeletons made of cartilage
Have jaws and pairs of fins
Pointed, tooth-like scales cover bodies - rougher than sandpaper
Carnivores
Rays and Skates live on ocean floor - filter feeders - east mollusks, crustaceans, small fishes

34. CARTILAGINOUS FISH - Sharks
Streamlined bodies for quick movement
Mouth on bottom part of head
Jagged teeth arranged in rows - 1st couple rows are for feeding - remaining rows are replacement teeth. If a tooth is lost, one from next row moves up (NO DENTURES EVER NEEDED!)
Sharks

35. SHARK TEETH ROWS

36. CARTILAGINOUS FISH - Sharks
Swimming or currents move water over gills
Spend most of time hunting for food - will attack anything that smells like food.
Poor eyesight - that is why they swallow strange objects at times.

37. BONY FISH

38. BONY FISH
Most familiar fish are bony fish: trout, tuna, flounder, salmon, goldfish, etc.
Covered with scales
Pocket on each side of head that holds gills - flap over gills opens to release water

39. Swim Bladder and Buoyancy
BONY FISH
Swim Bladder and Buoyancy
Fish neither sink or float. They have an organ called a SWIM BLADDER - sac that stabilizes body at different depths. It contains O2, nitrogen & CO2...

40. Swim Bladder and Buoyancy
...if the gas is less the fish sinks lower - if it is more the fish moves higher in the water. The change in the gas volume affects the Buoyancy Force - force that water exerts upward on any underwater object
LESS
THINK BALLOONS!
MORE

41. Bony Fish Diversity
Make up 95% of all fish species
Live in salt and fresh water
Some live in deep water and some in shallow