1. Tissues
Tissues - Cells of the same type joined together for a common purpose

2. Characteristics 60-99% water Dehydration Edema Osmosis Tonicity
Characteristics of Tissues
60-99% water with various substances dissolved in it (tissue fluid)
Dehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid
Edema: excess amount of tissue fluid - swelling
Osmosis: unassisted diffusion of water
Isotonic: solutions with concentrations of non-penetrating solutes equal to those in the cell i.e. 0.9% saline or 5% glucose
Hypertonic: solutions with high concentrations of non-penetrating solutes = crenation of cells due to loss of water from the cell (sometimes given in an IV to pull excess fluid from edematous patients)
Hypotonic: solutions with lower concentrations of non-penetrating solutes = lysis due to continued rush of water into cell i.e. distilled water (used carefully to rehydrate extremely dehydrated patients; also in drinks such as colas, tea, and sports drinks

3. Types of Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

4. Epithelial Tissue Support Structure Functions Characteristics
Epithelial: covers surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tracts, and other body cavities; forms glands
Has supporting “basement membrane” for protection
Forms thin sheets, not very strong
Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective tissue
Functions
Protection i.e. skin
Absorption i.e. digestive tract lining and kidneys
Filtration i.e. kidneys
Excretion i.e. kidneys
Secretion i.e. glands, kidneys
sensory reception i.e. skin

5. Epithelial Tissue Cell Types
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified
Stratified
Glandular
Cell types
Squamous: “scale-like”, single layer, flat; diffusion
Cuboidal: square, fat; secretion
Columnar: tall, narrow; absorption, secretion; goblet = mucus; cilia
Pseudostratified: single layer of differing heights; secretion; goblet cells; cilia
Stratified: multiple cell layers; protection
Glandular: make and secrete a particular product
Endocrine: no ducts; hormones
Exocrine: ducts; mucous, sweat, oil, salivary, liver, pancreas

6. Squamous Epithelium

7. Cuboidal Epithelium

8. Columnar Epithelium

9. Connective Tissue Support Structure Matrix Connective tissue
Supporting framework of organs and other body parts
Widely separated cells and abundant intercellular matrix
Fibers in matrix: collagen, elastic, reticular

10. Soft Connective Tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Fibrous
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Soft connective tissue (CT proper)
Areolar: support; collagen and elastin fibers, thin and glistening, wraps and cushions organs, nerves
Adipose (fat): signet ring shaped cells; stores fat as reserve food or energy source, insulates body, acts as padding
Reticular: soft internal skeleton i.e. lymph nodes, spleen
Fibrous (dense regular CT): tensile strength when force is in one direction i.e. tendons, ligaments, fasciae, aponeuroses
Fibrous (dense irregular CT): tensile strength when force is in many directions i.e. dermis of skin

11. Adipose Tissue

12. Reticular CT

13. Dense Regular CT

14. Dense Irregular CT

15. Hard Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Osseous
Hard connective tissue
Cartilage: tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber; also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves poor blood supply - heals poorly
Hyaline: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, larynx
Elastic: external ear (pinna), epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joints
Osseus (Bone): similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood vessels; body structure, calcium storage

16. Cartilage

17. Osseous CT

18. Nervous Tissue Types of Cells Functions Locations Nervous tissue
Made up of special cells called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)
Transmits impulses throughout the body
Reacts to stimuli
Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves

19. Muscle Tissue Structure Function Types Cardiac Smooth Skeletal
Highly cellular, well vascularized
Produces movement by contraction of muscle fibers (cells)
3 types
Skeletal: attaches to bones to provide movement; striated, voluntary
Cardiac: causes heart to beat; striated, involuntary
Smooth: in walls of hollow organs i.e. digestive tract, blood vessels; No striations, involuntary

20. Cardiac Muscle

21. Smooth Muscle

22. Skeletal Muscle

23. Membranes
Combination tissues of ET and CT

24. Membrane Types Mucous Serous Synovial Dense fibrous Cutaneous
Mucous: lines body cavities, “wet” membrane; absorption and secretion
Serous: lines closed body cavities and secretes serous fluid to protect from friction i.e. pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
Synovial: tough, fibrous tissue that lines the cavities of freely movable joints
Dense fibrous: tough, opaque for protection i.e. dura mater, periosteum, sclera
Cutaneous: “dry” membrane; skin

25. Organs
Groups of tissues with a similar function

26. Integumentary System Skin Protection Body Temp Control Sensory
Excretion

27. Skeletal System
Protection
Movement

28. Muscular System
Movement

29. Nervous System
Sensory
Integration
Control

30. Endocrine System
Integration
Communication

31. Cardiovascular System
Transport

32. Lymphatic Immune System
Protection

33. Respiratory System
Gas Exchange

34. Digestive System
Process food
Nutrient absorption

35. Urinary System
Maintains water and electrolyte balance

36. Reproductive System
Production of offspring